Bronze, Iron Age, Classical, & neoclassical Confucian China

[Thomas J Wheat]

The earliest reported Dynasty in Chinese civilization was the ethnic
Tibetan Chiang Hsiung Hsia, (Xsia) Dynasty founded in 2200 B.C.E.

The Next Dynasty was the Shang Dynasty. This dynasty lasted from 1766
B.C.E to approximately 1100 B.C.E. This dynasty featured rudimentary
jade and Bronze Casting technology and the spirtual divination of the
practices at that time focused on occult human and animal sacrifice.
Once the victim was sacrificed the flesh was stripped from the bones
and the bones were bleeched and set into the sacrificial fire.
Depending on the nature of the fire searing the Bone, the cracks in
those bones would determine the earliest basis for the Phylogy and
phenomenology of the Chinese language character system.

The Next Dynasty was the Zhou (Chou) dynasty. This dynasty was
considered a golden age in Chinese history. This period began from
roughly 1100 B.C.E. with intermitten decentralization of the
feudatories and the beginning of the Iron Age in the Warring States
Period from about 700 B.C.E. to about 225 B.C.E.

The early great Philosophical kings of the Zhou Dynasty period were
King Wu, Marshall Wei and the Duke of Zhou. The Duke of Zhou was
considered an agricultural innovator by introducing the three seasonal
three field crop rotation method.

The Warring States period, (660 - 225 B.C.E.) featured a period of
much civil war and political decentralization and yet also featured a
revitilization of chinese philosophical thought. The earliest known,
written works of this time were the I - Ching, and the philosophers
of this time were Lao Tzu, composer of the Tao Te Ching, and earliest
known chinese traveller to Amdo, Tibet. The creator of the Chinese
Civil Service Academy was Kung Fu Tzu, composer of the Analects,
(Confucius) and Meng Tzu who formalized confucian thought in the 2nd
century B.C.E.

Confucian thought centered on the principle of Ren and Li, Benevolence
and proper ritual practices, repectively and also focused on ancestral
spirit worship along with a practical mundane philosophy for a code
among the Shin Shi, the philosopher Bureacrat knight.

Other Books of this period focused on taoist gurellia warfare
techniques and occult chinese opera. The most famous book of this
later period, written approximately in 200 B.C.E. was Sun Tzu's, "Art
of War."

The end of the Zhou dynasty saw a revivalist of the eastern 12
feudatory kingdoms of the Han dynasty unto their defeat by the Chin
dynasty which culminated in the shortlived 25 year regime of a unified
China under Chin Shi Huang Di with the rise of the Legalist positivist
school of chinese occult political theocratic statecraft.

The rise of the Chin Dynasty, 225 B.C.E. to 200 B.C.E. saw for the
first time albeit a short time a unified and centralized China. Chin
Shi Huang Di however did not tolerate dissedents to his rule.

Many Books were burned, chiefly among them the Lost book of Poetry,
and many of the Confucians, Daoists, and the Mohists, perhaps the
world's first 'free love bohemian society' many had their bodies
buried up to their necks in sand and then had their necks crushed, or
were boiled alive in their own blood in huge iron vats. Other occult
human sacrificial techniques also included scaling 5 foot in length by
1 foot in width razor ladders approximately 20 feet high with the
survivor being granted clemency upon succesful ascent and descent of
the razor ladder to heaven Gauntlet.

Chin Shi Huang Di's regime was shortlived because he had no efficient
bureacratic succession method. Out of his approximatelly 22 sons, he
had originally designated his second son as his heir, however, the
17th son assasinated the second son and so the dynasty plunged again
into chaos and disorder. He was entombed in a pyramid, and his
sarcophagus rested on a floating lake of mercury. Archaelogical
evidence of his skull revealed the existence of mercury poisoning
which contributed to the disfigurement of his spine and death in his
mid to late sixties. His tomb had approximately 10,000 chin soldiers
each bearing a unique likeness and representation of the soldier who
had the misfortune of being entombed alive with the death of Chin Shi
Huang Di.

Qin Shi Huang Di was also obssessed with the search for immortality.
This caused him to seek many a chinese alchemist potion and Taoist
sexual practices intended to increase his Chi, or life force.
Unfortunately few worked for him as evinced by the mercury traces in
the forensic analysis of his skull.

The next dynasty was the Han dynasty. This dynasty lasted from 200
b.c.e. to about 400 C.E. During the latter half of this period saw the
rise of the silk road Eastern Western, European Asian trade routes and
the formation of the Pax Sinica and the Pax Romana. Indeed at Julius
Caesar's coronation, Han red silk imperial banners were featured.

The Han dynasty represented a technological revolution of Iron age
bronze lost wax casting methods. The consolidation of East west Silk
route trade was facillitated between the Han of china and the Mauryan
Asokan dynasty of India, and the Parthians, descendants of Cyrus,
Xerxes and Alexander's Generals of Persia to the Roman Empire of the
Mediterraniean.

During this period Trade between India and China began to commence
with the silk route importation of metaphysical Tai Chi and Kung Fu,
along with the Buddhist philosophical thought of the Theravadan
Tripitaka, Pali Canon and importation of Mahayana commentary by
Kumarajiva, and Nagarjuna, (Mahamadyikma,
http://www.khandro.net/Bud_philo_Madhyamika.htm , Sunyata, the Great
Void School) http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=9001321 and
also see
http://www.iep.utm.edu/n/nagarjun.htm ) propagated by Chinese pilgrims
to India disseminating such thought upon returning to China, chiefly
the most famous of them being Fan Shen, Bodhi Dharma, and Zhuang
tZuan, (Hsuang Tzuan) the first pioneers across the Tamalakarand
XinJiang desert beginning in the latter half of the second century
B.C.E. to about the end of the 7th century C.E.

During this time the pilgrmage Stupas, of Swayambunath
( http://www.sacredsites.com/1st30/swayambh.html ) and Bhodunath,
http://www.exodus.co.uk/picfiles/a00hp49a.html were constructed and as
legend would have it by Padmasambhava himself. Inside these temples
legend maintained the existence of secret caverns, where death to all
mortals prevailed and the existence of Naga dragon guardian Serpent
kings.

The decline of the han saw the rise of the Tang Dynasty in China
beginning about roughly in the 7th century and ending roughly in the
9th century. (600 C.E. to about 900 C.E. Tang China's most powerful
Ruler, Tang Taitzu still nonetheless had his capital, Changan sacked
and held for 30 days by 250,000 Tibetan Calvarymen of the northern
Western Tibetan Tribes led by Gyalpo Srongtsen Gampo. A treaty was
concluded in approximately 760 C.E whichwas formalized by stone
pillars erected in both Changan and the Tibetan capital of Lhasa which
stipulated the equalness and equality of the hegemonic temporal power
both nation states shared in the Indian middle eastern Silk Route
trade routes. As a condition of the treaty between Tibet and China,
the chinese emperor seceded his daughter Princess Wen Chen, along with
the arrival of the Jowo Sakyamuni statue to the Jokhang cathedral in
Lhasa. It was reputed that princess Wen Chen Brought the secrets of
chinese agriculture to the nomadic pastorlist Tibetans. Srongtsan
Gampo also took a nepalese bride from the King of Nepal.

The Tibetan Yarlung Dynasty began about approximately 225 B.C.E. when
legend had it that the first king of heaven descended from the sky on
a meteroite lightning bolt phurba. He was named Namri Sangpo.

In the 8th century tibetan kings opened up more cultural and
philosophical trade routes with India, and conquered, Ladhak and
Khotan during the regimes of Tri Song Detsun, (Thi Song Detsun) and
Hathori Nyantsen, and Ralpachen. During this period was marked by the
arrival of the Kashmiri Pandit, Padmasambhava who first pacified and
integrated Bonpo indigenous Tibetan occult theology with Tantric
Buddhist and Hindu theologies. India also borrowed much from tibet, as
it was reputed that the Home of Shiva was none other to be found then
in Mt. Kailash in Tibet.

Tibetan military dress was influenced both by Chinese armor
construction techniques as well as the importation of persian scale
mail. Tibetan cultural influences have been ecceltically varied from
cultural importation of Zorastrianism and Mongolian Shamanism.

The Tibetan Yarlung dynasty ended with the assasination of the Bon po
king Lang Darma and the rise of the Tibetan Priest Class to temporal
power.

Meanwhile in China the fall of the Tang at approximately the same time
of the assasination of lang darma culminated in the rise of the
Nothern - Southern Song (Sung) Dynasty which lasted from 960 C.E. to
about 1163 C.E. The bureacratic state philosophy of this time featured
the principle of Wu - Wei, or Void full non action, in the sense
that the ruler and the subjects existed in symbiotical rings of
temporal influence. The latter half of the Southern song (Sung)
Dynasty saw the formation of Chan Shaolin Buddhist warrior monks who
feuded with Mongolian Hsia, Hun, Shamanist Buddhist nomadic warrior
chieftans.

The Song dynasty was virtually entirely annihilated by Ghengiss,
(Chingiss) Temujin Khan, (b- 1163 c.e. d- 1227 c.e.) and also by his
grandson Kublai khan by 1242 C.E. with the formation of the Yuan
Dynasty. It was during this period that the Altaeic Pax mongolica
superseded the Pax Sinica and Centralization of the trade routes
between east and west opened up more far east trade with the Venetian
republics of Italy and the declining Maecadonian Byzantium Empire.
Marco polo an early Italian historian and merchant traveller to Kublai
khan's court and also the first importer of pasta from china left many
a account in his diary concerning the coutenance and the statecraft of
the Mongol Yuan Court.

During this time the Mongols made Tibet a military Protectorate and
enlisted the Tibetan Lama's as their Chief Shaman's. The most famous
of these Lama's was Sakya Pandita. The system of limited suzeranity
applied to Tibet by the Mongol Khans envisaged a Cho Yon, priest
patron relationship, with the priest obliged to pray for the welfare
and long life of the emperor, and the emperor, obliged to protect the
wealth and authority of the Kagyu Karmapa's and later Sakya and then
Gelugpa patriarchs of the Tibetan church as well as provide for the
national defense of the Tibetan state from foreign invaders. Unlike
Europe this was a centralized Feudal System unlike a decentralized
feudal system.

Meanwhile the Mongols rocketed across the Urals and sacked Russkian
Kiev and Novgorod and Vladimir Volynia, Suzdalia Rostav in the 1237 -
1242, winter military campaigns as well as Austria, Hungary and Poland
during the same period. Led by Temujin's Grandson, Batu the Russian
Mongols converted to Islam however they invested the title of Grand
Prince of Vladimir - Kiev with Alexander Nevsky a enobled Russian
orthodox saint and collaborater with the Mongols. Thus the Orthodox
Slavic Ruirkid Rus Dynasty was spared total annhilation.
see this link for more info:
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00004XQN5/ref=pd_ecc_rvi_1/102-5157557-6512121
Eisenstein - The Sound Years (Ivan the Terrible Parts 1 & 2, Alexander
Nevsky) - Criterion Collection (1938)

The Yuan Dynasty fell in 1388. The Mongols continued to rule russia
until the rise of Ivan Grozny IV (Ivan Vassiliovich) when Moscow a
hill fort established by the Mongols superseded the Vladimir Suzdalian
Rostov, Pskov municipalities.

The Mongols would still continue to dominate Central Asia well into
the 17th and 18th centuries though later as decentralized tribal
confederacies.

The Ming Dynasty which began in 1388 also saw the catalouging of the
Yuan official court records, as recorded in the 'Yuan Po Pao Shi,'
also translated into English, as "the secret history of the Mongols,"
by the Harvard, Yen Ching Institute, see source:
Secret History of the Mongols: The Origin of Chingiss Khan by Paul
Kahn, Francis Woodman Cleaves
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0887272991/102-5157557-6512121?v=glance

The Ming Dynasty was founded in 1388 by a former Buddhist Peasant
monk. Pictorial portrait:
http://www.chinapage.com/painting/mingtaizu.html

The Ming dynasty was an age of great exploration and cultural
renesseance for the first half of the dynasty. During this time many
seafaring voyages to Africa and the mideast occured until the rise of
the Portegeuse and the Dutch hegemons of the West. However, somewhere
during the middle half of the dynasty, due to the proliferation of
bureacratic Eunuchs in the royal household circumvented the
centripetal authority of the Emperor. The latter half of the Ming
Dynasty was known as the Great Withdrawal period were China once had
the technoligical crest of civilization then due to western hegemonic
consolidation of the Silk Road Gun Powder and Ship Wright construction
trade fell behind the west. The Ming Dynasty fell in 1644.

They were replaced by Manchurian Jin Tribesman led by the tetrarchy of
Dorgan, Nur Haichi and Hong Taiji who established the Qing (Pure)
Dynasty. The greatest rulers of this dynasty were KangXi, 1654—1722
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor/qing1204.html
selected reading:
http://web.archive.org/web/20020316043349/http://www.stanford.edu/class/history92a/readings/kangziyongzheng.html

YongZhen, and Qianlong. After these regimes the neo Confucian Qing
state began to bureacratically and inertially implode due to the
Protestant opium wars. The Qing dynasty fell in 1911, when the boy
emperor Pu Yi was deposed by Yuan Shi Kai.

Republican China began with Sun Yat sen.



--------------------------------------------------------------------------
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor.html

[Brian Damage]

Seen any black helicopters lately, Tommy?

Post by Thomas J Wheat
The earliest reported Dynasty in Chinese civilization was the ethnic
Tibetan Chiang Hsiung Hsia, (Xsia) Dynasty founded in 2200 B.C.E.
The Next Dynasty was the Shang Dynasty. This dynasty lasted from 1766
B.C.E to approximately 1100 B.C.E. This dynasty featured rudimentary
jade and Bronze Casting technology and the spirtual divination of the
practices at that time focused on occult human and animal sacrifice.
Once the victim was sacrificed the flesh was stripped from the bones
and the bones were bleeched and set into the sacrificial fire.
Depending on the nature of the fire searing the Bone, the cracks in
those bones would determine the earliest basis for the Phylogy and
phenomenology of the Chinese language character system.
The Next Dynasty was the Zhou (Chou) dynasty. This dynasty was
considered a golden age in Chinese history. This period began from
roughly 1100 B.C.E. with intermitten decentralization of the
feudatories and the beginning of the Iron Age in the Warring States
Period from about 700 B.C.E. to about 225 B.C.E.
The early great Philosophical kings of the Zhou Dynasty period were
King Wu, Marshall Wei and the Duke of Zhou. The Duke of Zhou was
considered an agricultural innovator by introducing the three seasonal
three field crop rotation method.
The Warring States period, (660 - 225 B.C.E.) featured a period of
much civil war and political decentralization and yet also featured a
revitilization of chinese philosophical thought. The earliest known,
written works of this time were the I - Ching, and the philosophers
of this time were Lao Tzu, composer of the Tao Te Ching, and earliest
known chinese traveller to Amdo, Tibet. The creator of the Chinese
Civil Service Academy was Kung Fu Tzu, composer of the Analects,
(Confucius) and Meng Tzu who formalized confucian thought in the 2nd
century B.C.E.
Confucian thought centered on the principle of Ren and Li, Benevolence
and proper ritual practices, repectively and also focused on ancestral
spirit worship along with a practical mundane philosophy for a code
among the Shin Shi, the philosopher Bureacrat knight.
Other Books of this period focused on taoist gurellia warfare
techniques and occult chinese opera. The most famous book of this
later period, written approximately in 200 B.C.E. was Sun Tzu's, "Art
of War."
The end of the Zhou dynasty saw a revivalist of the eastern 12
feudatory kingdoms of the Han dynasty unto their defeat by the Chin
dynasty which culminated in the shortlived 25 year regime of a unified
China under Chin Shi Huang Di with the rise of the Legalist positivist
school of chinese occult political theocratic statecraft.
The rise of the Chin Dynasty, 225 B.C.E. to 200 B.C.E. saw for the
first time albeit a short time a unified and centralized China. Chin
Shi Huang Di however did not tolerate dissedents to his rule.
Many Books were burned, chiefly among them the Lost book of Poetry,
and many of the Confucians, Daoists, and the Mohists, perhaps the
world's first 'free love bohemian society' many had their bodies
buried up to their necks in sand and then had their necks crushed, or
were boiled alive in their own blood in huge iron vats. Other occult
human sacrificial techniques also included scaling 5 foot in length by
1 foot in width razor ladders approximately 20 feet high with the
survivor being granted clemency upon succesful ascent and descent of
the razor ladder to heaven Gauntlet.
Chin Shi Huang Di's regime was shortlived because he had no efficient
bureacratic succession method. Out of his approximatelly 22 sons, he
had originally designated his second son as his heir, however, the
17th son assasinated the second son and so the dynasty plunged again
into chaos and disorder. He was entombed in a pyramid, and his
sarcophagus rested on a floating lake of mercury. Archaelogical
evidence of his skull revealed the existence of mercury poisoning
which contributed to the disfigurement of his spine and death in his
mid to late sixties. His tomb had approximately 10,000 chin soldiers
each bearing a unique likeness and representation of the soldier who
had the misfortune of being entombed alive with the death of Chin Shi
Huang Di.
Qin Shi Huang Di was also obssessed with the search for immortality.
This caused him to seek many a chinese alchemist potion and Taoist
sexual practices intended to increase his Chi, or life force.
Unfortunately few worked for him as evinced by the mercury traces in
the forensic analysis of his skull.
The next dynasty was the Han dynasty. This dynasty lasted from 200
b.c.e. to about 400 C.E. During the latter half of this period saw the
rise of the silk road Eastern Western, European Asian trade routes and
the formation of the Pax Sinica and the Pax Romana. Indeed at Julius
Caesar's coronation, Han red silk imperial banners were featured.
The Han dynasty represented a technological revolution of Iron age
bronze lost wax casting methods. The consolidation of East west Silk
route trade was facillitated between the Han of china and the Mauryan
Asokan dynasty of India, and the Parthians, descendants of Cyrus,
Xerxes and Alexander's Generals of Persia to the Roman Empire of the
Mediterraniean.
During this period Trade between India and China began to commence
with the silk route importation of metaphysical Tai Chi and Kung Fu,
along with the Buddhist philosophical thought of the Theravadan
Tripitaka, Pali Canon and importation of Mahayana commentary by
Kumarajiva, and Nagarjuna, (Mahamadyikma,
http://www.khandro.net/Bud_philo_Madhyamika.htm , Sunyata, the Great
Void School) http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=9001321 and
also see
http://www.iep.utm.edu/n/nagarjun.htm ) propagated by Chinese pilgrims
to India disseminating such thought upon returning to China, chiefly
the most famous of them being Fan Shen, Bodhi Dharma, and Zhuang
tZuan, (Hsuang Tzuan) the first pioneers across the Tamalakarand
XinJiang desert beginning in the latter half of the second century
B.C.E. to about the end of the 7th century C.E.
During this time the pilgrmage Stupas, of Swayambunath
( http://www.sacredsites.com/1st30/swayambh.html ) and Bhodunath,
http://www.exodus.co.uk/picfiles/a00hp49a.html were constructed and as
legend would have it by Padmasambhava himself. Inside these temples
legend maintained the existence of secret caverns, where death to all
mortals prevailed and the existence of Naga dragon guardian Serpent
kings.
The decline of the han saw the rise of the Tang Dynasty in China
beginning about roughly in the 7th century and ending roughly in the
9th century. (600 C.E. to about 900 C.E. Tang China's most powerful
Ruler, Tang Taitzu still nonetheless had his capital, Changan sacked
and held for 30 days by 250,000 Tibetan Calvarymen of the northern
Western Tibetan Tribes led by Gyalpo Srongtsen Gampo. A treaty was
concluded in approximately 760 C.E whichwas formalized by stone
pillars erected in both Changan and the Tibetan capital of Lhasa which
stipulated the equalness and equality of the hegemonic temporal power
both nation states shared in the Indian middle eastern Silk Route
trade routes. As a condition of the treaty between Tibet and China,
the chinese emperor seceded his daughter Princess Wen Chen, along with
the arrival of the Jowo Sakyamuni statue to the Jokhang cathedral in
Lhasa. It was reputed that princess Wen Chen Brought the secrets of
chinese agriculture to the nomadic pastorlist Tibetans. Srongtsan
Gampo also took a nepalese bride from the King of Nepal.
The Tibetan Yarlung Dynasty began about approximately 225 B.C.E. when
legend had it that the first king of heaven descended from the sky on
a meteroite lightning bolt phurba. He was named Namri Sangpo.
In the 8th century tibetan kings opened up more cultural and
philosophical trade routes with India, and conquered, Ladhak and
Khotan during the regimes of Tri Song Detsun, (Thi Song Detsun) and
Hathori Nyantsen, and Ralpachen. During this period was marked by the
arrival of the Kashmiri Pandit, Padmasambhava who first pacified and
integrated Bonpo indigenous Tibetan occult theology with Tantric
Buddhist and Hindu theologies. India also borrowed much from tibet, as
it was reputed that the Home of Shiva was none other to be found then
in Mt. Kailash in Tibet.
Tibetan military dress was influenced both by Chinese armor
construction techniques as well as the importation of persian scale
mail. Tibetan cultural influences have been ecceltically varied from
cultural importation of Zorastrianism and Mongolian Shamanism.
The Tibetan Yarlung dynasty ended with the assasination of the Bon po
king Lang Darma and the rise of the Tibetan Priest Class to temporal
power.
Meanwhile in China the fall of the Tang at approximately the same time
of the assasination of lang darma culminated in the rise of the
Nothern - Southern Song (Sung) Dynasty which lasted from 960 C.E. to
about 1163 C.E. The bureacratic state philosophy of this time featured
the principle of Wu - Wei, or Void full non action, in the sense
that the ruler and the subjects existed in symbiotical rings of
temporal influence. The latter half of the Southern song (Sung)
Dynasty saw the formation of Chan Shaolin Buddhist warrior monks who
feuded with Mongolian Hsia, Hun, Shamanist Buddhist nomadic warrior
chieftans.
The Song dynasty was virtually entirely annihilated by Ghengiss,
(Chingiss) Temujin Khan, (b- 1163 c.e. d- 1227 c.e.) and also by his
grandson Kublai khan by 1242 C.E. with the formation of the Yuan
Dynasty. It was during this period that the Altaeic Pax mongolica
superseded the Pax Sinica and Centralization of the trade routes
between east and west opened up more far east trade with the Venetian
republics of Italy and the declining Maecadonian Byzantium Empire.
Marco polo an early Italian historian and merchant traveller to Kublai
khan's court and also the first importer of pasta from china left many
a account in his diary concerning the coutenance and the statecraft of
the Mongol Yuan Court.
During this time the Mongols made Tibet a military Protectorate and
enlisted the Tibetan Lama's as their Chief Shaman's. The most famous
of these Lama's was Sakya Pandita. The system of limited suzeranity
applied to Tibet by the Mongol Khans envisaged a Cho Yon, priest
patron relationship, with the priest obliged to pray for the welfare
and long life of the emperor, and the emperor, obliged to protect the
wealth and authority of the Kagyu Karmapa's and later Sakya and then
Gelugpa patriarchs of the Tibetan church as well as provide for the
national defense of the Tibetan state from foreign invaders. Unlike
Europe this was a centralized Feudal System unlike a decentralized
feudal system.
Meanwhile the Mongols rocketed across the Urals and sacked Russkian
Kiev and Novgorod and Vladimir Volynia, Suzdalia Rostav in the 1237 -
1242, winter military campaigns as well as Austria, Hungary and Poland
during the same period. Led by Temujin's Grandson, Batu the Russian
Mongols converted to Islam however they invested the title of Grand
Prince of Vladimir - Kiev with Alexander Nevsky a enobled Russian
orthodox saint and collaborater with the Mongols. Thus the Orthodox
Slavic Ruirkid Rus Dynasty was spared total annhilation.
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00004XQN5/ref=pd_ecc_rvi_1/102-5157557-6512121
Eisenstein - The Sound Years (Ivan the Terrible Parts 1 & 2, Alexander
Nevsky) - Criterion Collection (1938)
The Yuan Dynasty fell in 1388. The Mongols continued to rule russia
until the rise of Ivan Grozny IV (Ivan Vassiliovich) when Moscow a
hill fort established by the Mongols superseded the Vladimir Suzdalian
Rostov, Pskov municipalities.
The Mongols would still continue to dominate Central Asia well into
the 17th and 18th centuries though later as decentralized tribal
confederacies.
The Ming Dynasty which began in 1388 also saw the catalouging of the
Yuan official court records, as recorded in the 'Yuan Po Pao Shi,'
also translated into English, as "the secret history of the Mongols,"
Secret History of the Mongols: The Origin of Chingiss Khan by Paul
Kahn, Francis Woodman Cleaves
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0887272991/102-5157557-6512121?v=glance
The Ming Dynasty was founded in 1388 by a former Buddhist Peasant
http://www.chinapage.com/painting/mingtaizu.html
The Ming dynasty was an age of great exploration and cultural
renesseance for the first half of the dynasty. During this time many
seafaring voyages to Africa and the mideast occured until the rise of
the Portegeuse and the Dutch hegemons of the West. However, somewhere
during the middle half of the dynasty, due to the proliferation of
bureacratic Eunuchs in the royal household circumvented the
centripetal authority of the Emperor. The latter half of the Ming
Dynasty was known as the Great Withdrawal period were China once had
the technoligical crest of civilization then due to western hegemonic
consolidation of the Silk Road Gun Powder and Ship Wright construction
trade fell behind the west. The Ming Dynasty fell in 1644.
They were replaced by Manchurian Jin Tribesman led by the tetrarchy of
Dorgan, Nur Haichi and Hong Taiji who established the Qing (Pure)
Dynasty. The greatest rulers of this dynasty were KangXi, 1654?1722
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor/qing1204.html
http://web.archive.org/web/20020316043349/http://www.stanford.edu/class/history92a/readings/kangziyongzheng.html
YongZhen, and Qianlong. After these regimes the neo Confucian Qing
state began to bureacratically and inertially implode due to the
Protestant opium wars. The Qing dynasty fell in 1911, when the boy
emperor Pu Yi was deposed by Yuan Shi Kai.
Republican China began with Sun Yat sen.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor.html

[Thomas J Wheat]

yes, apache c130 helicopter gunships, for ashkeNazi White
midwesterners in america and in Jerusalem and EM project aurora.
In other news here is some imperial chinese art.
Also Iam a member of the NKFA
http://lodestar.yandex.ru/
drop me a line @ ***@yahoo.com
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
From: ***@hotmail.com (Thomas J Wheat)
Newsgroups:
talk.politics.tibet,soc.culture.china,talk.politics.china,soc.culture.israel,sonoma.general
Subject: some photos of Imperial china
NNTP-Posting-Host: 198.189.140.229
Message-ID: <***@posting.google.com>

History of late imperial China and russia, & Communist Post Glasnost
eras
http://www.geocities.com/s011023/toms_files1/essays/frontpagerevolution.htm
Late Qing and modern chinese silk screen paintings
http://kaladarshan.arts.ohio-state.edu/exhib/gug/indxs/in/inchinptg.html

Timeline of Chinese Dynasties
http://chinapage.com/history/dyna1.html
mythical sage rulers
http://chinapage.com/history/chindate.html

http://web.archive.org/web/20031206150336/www.jilin.gov.cn/whg/py-en.htm
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor.html


1. Aisin-Gioro¡¤ Pu Yi, 3 years old in 1908 when he was enthroned to
be Emperor Xuan Tong, the 10th emperor of the Qing Dynasty, the last
emperor of China.
2. Pu Yi, 11 years old, ascended the throne once more in 1917
during the farce of the restoration of the dethroned Qing's Emperor by
Warlord ZhangXun


3. Pu Yi, living a stupid, cowardly and timid life in Tianjin



4. Pu Yi, 28 years old, mounted the throne to be puppet Emperor of
the puppet Manchurian regime fostered by Japanese invaders on March 1,
1934


8. 5. Petitions read and commented on by Pu Yi

6. Vase sent to Pu Yi by Japanese empress dowager



7. Souvenir Badge for Pu Yi to come to the throne as puppet Manchurian
regime issued on March 1,1934


9. Wan Rong, Empress of the puppet Manchurian regime, last Empress of
China.


10. Tan Yuling, High-ranking Concubine Mingxian conferred on her by Pu
Yi during the period of puppet Manchurian regime


11. Li Yuqin, Concubine Fu conferred on her by Pu Yi during the period
of puppet Manchurian regime

12. Wen Xiu, High-ranking Concubine conferred Shu on her by Pu Yi in
Beijing's Imperial Palace.

13. Pu Yi, reforming through labor in Fushun War Criminal Supervisory
Station



14. Pu Yi, being an ordinary citizen of New China.


15. Pu Yi, being a citizen of New China, and his wife Li Shuxian's
group photo taken to mark their marriage


ᵠȯ
----------------------------------------------------------------------

16. Portraits of Chinese Emperors
http://chinapage.com/emperor/sanhuang0001.html
http://chinapage.com/emperor/wudi0005.html
http://chinapage.com/emperor/wudi0007.html
http://chinapage.com/emperor/wudi0008.html


Qin, Han, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties


a. Qin ShiHuangDi
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor/qin1001.html




Historical portrait paintings

Huang Di
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor/huangdi.html

Han dynasty emperor stone carving engraving
Loading Image...



b. http://www.chinapage.com/painting/tangtaizong.html






c. Emperor Taizong - Tang Dynasty
http://www.chinapage.com/painting/tangtaizong.html
http://www.chinapage.com/painting/tangtaizong2.html
http://chinapage.com/emperor/tang0801.html










d. Emperor WenDi - Sui Dynasty

Song Dynasty Taitzu
http://www.chinapage.com/painting/taizu.html
http://chinapage.com/emperor/sui0701.html
http://chinapage.com/emperor/sui0702.html









A. Gheghis Khan
http://www.chinapage.com/painting/gheghis.html



B. Khubilai Khan Shizu
http://www.chinapage.com/painting/kublai.html

Picture of one of Kublai Khan's wives,
A Nestorian Christain
http://www.chinapage.com/painting/kublaiqueen.html









C. Emperor Taizu of Ming Dynasty

14-century. Anonymous
ink and color on silk
National Palace Museum, Taipei
http://chinapage.com/painting/mingtaizu2.html
http://www.chinapage.com/painting/mingtaizu3.html
http://www.chinapage.com/painting/chengzu.html
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor/ming1103.html
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor/ming1104.html
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor/ming1105.html
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor/ming1106.html
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor/ming1107.html
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor/ming1108.html
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor/ming1109.html
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor/ming1110.html
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor/ming1111.html

D. Kangxi
http://www.chinapage.com/painting/kangxi2.html
http://www.chinapage.com/painting/kangxi4.html


1. ShiZu ShunZhi








E. Emperor Kangxi - Qing Dynasty
http://chinapage.com/emperor/qing1204.html
http://chinapage.com/painting/kangxi2.html



-----








----







F. Emperor QianLong - Qing Dynasty
http://chinapage.com/painting/qianlong.html
http://chinapage.com/emperor/qing1201.html
TaiZong
http://chinapage.com/emperor/qing1202.html

http://chinapage.com/emperor/qing1203.html


G. PuYi XuanTong

H. Empress Dowager Cixi (Cunt bitch)
http://chinapage.com/biography/cixi.html




--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dynasties and Rulers of China
China has had a long history of successive rulers from mythical sages
to real people documented in historical chronicles. Below is a list of
rulers by their reign title. Only the main dynastic players in Chinese
history are listed.
The first section lists the mythical and semi-mythical rulers. These
contributed towards the development of Chinese culture in general by
their teaching of important skill to the people. The founders of the
Xia4, Shang1 and Zhou1 dynasties are important only as signposts in
the timeline, the transition between the mythical and the historical.

In the second section, Dynastic China, the major dynasties are given
together with reign titles and dates. The names of the founders of
those dynasties are given in brackets. The year given against each
ruler is the year (in the Western calendar) of ascension the throne.

We end with the third section, post imperial Modern China.


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Mythical - Semi-Mythical Rulers
Mythical Rulers 50,000 BC - 2700 BC
Pre-historic
¦³±_ (You3Chao2)
Àæ¤H (Sui4Ren2) - Taught man to use fire to cook
¤T¬Ó
¥ñ¿ª (Fu2Xi1) - First taught the people fishing, herd domestication,
and the inventor of the octogram and writing.
¤k´E (Nü3wa1) - Younger sister of ¥ñ¿ª, fashioned four pillars of
multicoloured stone set upon the back of a turtle to prop up the
heavens.
¯«¹A (Shen2Nong2) - Introduced agriculture, medicines and healing and
the formulated the 64 hexagrams.
Semi-mythical Rulers
¤­«Ò (Wu3Di4) 2697 BC - 2033 BC
¶À«Ò (Huang2Di4) Inventor of the calendar, music, presided over the
systemisation written language and healing
­Ü¾e (Cang1Ji2) , minister to ¶À«Ò, systemised the written language.
ÃF¹z (Zhuan1Xu1) grandson of ¶À«Ò, lived in Gao1Yang2 °ª¶§ in modern
Henan ªe2«n2 province
«ÒôA (Di4Ku4) (ôA Ku4) Great grandson of ¶À«Ò
­ð³ó (Tang2Yao2) (³ó Yao2) Said to have created a the calendar,
Great-great grandson of ¶À«Ò, fifty years on the throne, ruled wisely.
¸·µÏ (Yu2Shun4) (µÏ Shun4) Took reign after ³ó retired, controlled
water and noted for his filial piety.
¤T¥N (San1 Dai4) Three Dynasties of the semi-mythical age
¬ê (Yu3) founder of ®L the Xia4 Dynasty
´ö (Tang1) founder of ®ï the Yin1 (°Ó Shang1) Dynasty
ªZ (Wu2) founder of ¦è©P (Xi1Zhou1) the Western Zhou Dynasty
¥ý¤ý (Xian1Wang2) Ancient Kings of the mythical - semi-mythical age
³ó great-great grandson of ¶À«Ò
µÏ reign after ³ó retired
¬ê founder of ®L the Xia Dynasty
´ö founder of ®ï the Yin (°Ó) or Shang Dynasty
¤å (Wen2) father of ªZ
ªZ founder of ¦è©P the Western Zhou Dynasty
¤T¥N¤§¸t¤ý (SanDai zi ShengHuang) Sage Kings of the Three Dynasties
¬ê first ruler of ®L the Xia Dynasty
´ö first ruler of ®ï the Yin (°Ó) or Shang Dynasty
¤å called ®V©÷ was father to ªZ
ªZ first ruler of ¦è©P the Western Zhou Dynasty
¤T¥N¤§¼É§g (SanDai zi BaoJun) Cruel Rulers of the Three Dynasties
®å (Jie2) last ruler of ®L the Xia Dynasty (died 1562? BC)
¬ô (Zhou4) last ruler of ®ï the Yin (°Ó) or Shang Dynasty (died 1050)
«Õ (Yuo1) last ruler of ¦è©P the Western Zhou Dynasty (died 771 BC)
¼F (Li4) cruel ruler during ¦è©P the Western Zhou Dynasty (died 826
BC)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dynastic China
Xia4 ®L 2033-1562 BC
 Yu3 First ruler of Xia, tamed floods, one of the Sage kings
±Ò Qi3
¤Ó±d Tai4 Kang1
¥ò±d Zhong4 Kang1
¬Û Xiang1
¤Ö±d Shao3 Kang1
ªV Zhu4
ºi Huai2
¨~ Mang2
ªn Xie4
¤£­° Bu4 Jiang4
ÎÓ Jiong1
ᶠJin3
¤Õ¥Ò Kong3 Jia3
¯o Gao1
µo Fa1
¼i¬Ñ Lü3 Gui3 (®å Jie2)

Shang1 °Ó 1562-1066 BC
´ö Tang1 overthrew the tyrannical ruler ®å of the ®L tribe. A Sage
king
¥~¤þ Wai4 Bing3
¥ò¤Ð Zhong4 Ren2
¤Ó¥Ò Tai4 Jia3
¨U¤B Wo4 Ding1
¤Ó©° Tai4 Geng1
¤p¥Ò Xiao3 Jia3
¹l¤v Yong1 Ji3
¤Ó¥³ Tai4 Wu4
¥ò¤B Zhong4 Ding1
¥~¤Ð Wai4 Ren2
ªeܳ¥Ò He2 Dan3 Jia3
¯ª¤A Zu3 Yi3
¯ª¨¯ Zu3 Xin1
¨U¥Ò Wo4 Jia3
¯ª¤B Zu3 Ding1
«n©° Nan2 Geng1
¶§¥Ò Yang2 Jia3
½L©° Pan2 Geng1
¤p¨¯ Xiao3 Xin1
¤p¤A Xiao3 Yi3
ªZ¤B Wu3 Ding1
¯ª©° Zu3 Geng1
¯ª¥Ò Zu3 Jia3
éo¨¯ Lin3 Xin1
©°¤B Geng1 Ding1
ªZ¤A Wu3 Yi3
¤Ó¤B Tai4 Ding1 (¤å¤B Wen2 Ding1)
«Ò¤A Di4 Yi3
«Ò¨¯ Di4 Xin1 (¬ô Zhou4)

Zhou1 Dynasty ©P
ªZ (Wu3) name ªZ¤ý®Vµo (Wu3Wang2 Ji1Fa1) established the Zhou1
Dynasty. A Sage King. Father of ¦¨¤ý (Cheng2Wang2).
¤å (Vun2) father of ªZ (name ¦è¨Õ©÷ Xi1Bai3Chang1) ancestor of the
dukes of the ¾| Lu3 and ®Ê Jin4 states during the Zhou1 Dynasty.
Western Zhou1 ¦è©P (Xi1 Zhou1) 1066-771 BC
ªZ¤ý King Wu3 (®Vµo Ji1 Fa1)
¦¨¤ý King Cheng2
±d¤ý King Kang1
¬L¤ý King Zhao1
¿p¤ý King Mu4
¦@¤ý King Gong1
Åt¤ý King Yi4
§µ¤ý King Xiao4
¦i¤ý King Yi2
¼F¤ý King Li4
¦@©M¦æ¬F (Regency after death of King Li4) 841 BC
©y¤ý King Yi2 827 BC
«Õ¤ý King You1 781 BC

Eastern Zhou1 ªF©P (Dong1 Zhou1) 770-256 BC
¥­¤ý King Ping2 (®V©y¦Ý Ji1 Yi2Jiu4) 770 BC
®Ù¤ý King Huan2 719 BC
²ø¤ý King Zhuang1 696 BC
Âç¤ý King Li2 681 BC
´f¤ý King Hui4 676 BC
Á¸¤ý King Xiang1 651 BC
³¼¤ý King Qing3 618 BC
¦J¤ý King Kuang1 612 BC
©w¤ý King Ding4 606 BC
²¤ý King Jian3 585 BC
ÆF¤ý King Ling2 571 BC
´º¤ý King Jing3 544 BC
·q¤ý King Jing4 519 BC
¤¸¤ý King Yuan2 475 BC
­s©w¤ý King Zhen1 Ding4 468 BC
¦Ò¤ý King Xiao4 440 BC
«Â¯P¤ý King Wei1 Lie4 425 BC
¦w¤ý King An1 401 BC
¯P¤ý King Lie4 375 BC
Åã¤ý King Xian3 368 BC
·Vè°¤ý King Shen4 Jing4 320 BC
³i¤ý King Nan3 314 BC

Spring and Autumn Period ¬K¬î (Chun1 Qiu1) 770-476 BC
Warring States ¾Ô°ê (Zhan4 Guo2) 475-221 BC (Seven Most Powerful
States)
Qin2 ¯³
¬LÁ¸¤ý King Zhao1 Xiang1 (¾Æ«h Ying2 Ze2) 306 BC
§µ¤å¤ý King Xiao4 Wen2 250 BC
²øÁ¸¤ý King Zhuang1 Xiang1 249 BC
©l¬Ó«Ò Qin2 Shi3 Huang2 Di4 (¾Æ¬F Ying2 Zheng4) 246 BC see Qin ¯³
below
¤G¥@¬Ó«Ò Er4 Shi4 Huang2 Di4 209 BC

Wei4 ÃQ
Zhao4 »¯
Han2 Áú
Chu3 ·¡
Yan4 ¿P
Qi2 »ôetc.
Qin2 ¯³ 221-207 BC
©l¬Ó«Ò Qin2 Shi3 Huang2 Di4 (¾Æ¬F Ying2 Zheng4) 246 BC The First
Emperor of Qin China
¤G¥@¬Ó«Ò Er4 Shi4 Huang2 Di4 209 BC The Second Emperor of Qin China

Han4 º~
Western Han ¦èº~ (Xi1 Han4) 206 BC - 8 AD
°ª«Ò Emperor Gao1 (¼B¨¹ Liu2 Bang1) 206 BC
´f«Ò Emperor Hui4 194 BC
°ª¦Z Emperess Gao1 187 BC
¤å«Ò Emperor Wen2 179 BC
´º«Ò Emperor Jing3 156 BC
ªZ«Ò Emperor Wu3 140 BC
¬L«Ò Emperor Zhao1 86 BC
«Å«Ò Emperor Xuan1 73 BC
¤¸«Ò Emperor Yuan2 48 BC
¦¨«Ò Emperor Cheng2 32 BC
«s«Ò Emperor Ai1 6 BC
¥­«Ò Emperor Ping2 1 AD
À©¤lÀ¦ (¤ý²õÄá¬F) Child heir, regent Wang Mang 6 AD
Xin1 ·s 9AD - 25 AD
¤ý²õ Wang2 Mang3 9 AD
§ó©l«Ò Emperor Shi3 Geng1 (¼B¥È Liu2 Xuan2) 23 AD
Eastern Han ªFº~ (Dong1 Han4) 25 - 220 AD
¥ú¹Ó«Ò Emperor Guang1 Mu4(¼B¨q Liu2 Xiu4) 25 AD
©ú«Ò Emperor Ming2 56
³¹«Ò Emperor Zhang1 76
©M«Ò Emperor He2 89
¼Ü«Ò Emperor Shang1 106
¦w«Ò Emperor An1 107
¶¶«Ò Emperor Shun4 126
¨R«Ò Emperor Chong1 145
½è«Ò Emperor Zhi4 146
®Ù«Ò Emperor Huan2 147
ÆF«Ò Emperor Ling2 168
¤Ö«Ò Emperor Shao3 189
Äm«Ò Emperor Xian4 189

Three Kingdoms ¤T°ê (San1 Guo2) 220 - 265
Wei4 ÃQ 220-265
¤å«Ò Wen2 Di4 (±ä¥A Cao2 Pi1) 220
©ú«Ò Ming2 Di4 227
»ô¤ý Qi2 Wang2 240
°ª¶Q¶m¤½ Gao1 Gui4 Xiang2 Gong1 254
¤¸«Ò Yuan2 Di4 260

Shu3 Han4 ¸¾º~ 221-263
¬L¯P«Ò Zhao1 Lie4 Di4 (¼B³Æ Liu2 Bei4) 221
«á¥D Hou4 Zhu3 223

Wu2 §d 222-280
¤j«Ò Da4 Di4 222
·|½]¤ý Hui4 Ji1 252
´º«Ò Jing3 Di4 258
¥½«Ò Mo4 Di4 264

Jin4 ®Ê 265-420
Western Jin4 ¦è®Ê (Xi1 Jin4) 265-317
ªZ«Ò Wu3 Di4 (¥q°¨ª¢ Si1 Ma3 Yan2) 265
´f«Ò Hui4 Di4 290
Ãh«Ò Huai2 Di4 307
·]«Ò Min3 Di4 313

Eastern Jin4 ªF®Ê (Dong1 Jin4) 317-420
¤¸«Ò Yuan2 Di4 (¥q°¨ºÍ Si1 Ma3 Rui4) 317
©ú«Ò Ming2 Di4 318
¦¨«Ò Cheng2 Di4 322
±d«Ò Kang1 Di4 317
¿p«Ò Mu4 Di4 345
«s«Ò Ai1 Di4 362
®ü¦è¤½ Hai2 Xi1 Gong1 366
²¤å«Ò Jian3 Wen2 Di4 371
§µªZ«Ò Xiao4 Wu3 Di4 373
¦w«Ò An1 Di4 397
®¥«Ò Gong1 Di4 419

Sixteen States ¤Q¤»°ê (Shi2 Liu4 Guo2)
Han4 º~ (Former Zhao «e»¯ Qian2 Zhao4) 304-328
Ran2 Wei4 ¥TÃQ (Later Zhao «á»¯ Hou4 Zhao4) 319-352
Cheng2 ¦¨ (Han4 º~) 303-347
Former Qin2 «e¯³ (Qian2 Qin2) 351-394
Former Yan4 «e¿P (Qian2 Yan4) 307-370
Late Yan4 «á¿P (Hou4 Yan4) 384-409
Southern Yan4 «n¿P (Nan2 Yan4) 398-410
Late Qin2 «á¯³ (Hou4 Qin2) 384-417
Xia4 ®L 407-431
Northern Wei4 ¥_ÃQ (Bei3 Wei4) 409-436
Former Liang2 «e²D (Bei3 Liang2) 313-376
Late Liang2 «á²D (Hou4 Liang2) 386-403
Southern Liang2 «n²D (Nan2 Liang2) 397-414
Northern Liang2 ¥_²D (Bei3 Liang2) 397-439
Western Liang2 ¦è²D (Xi1 Liang2) 400-421
Western Qin2 ¦è¯³ (Xi1 Qin1) 385-431
Northern and Southern Dynasties «n¥_´Â (Nan2 Bei3 Chao2)
Southern Dynasties «n´Â (Nan2 Chao2)
Song4 §º 420-479
ªZ«Ò Wu3 Di4 (¼B¸Î Liu2 Yu4) 420
¤Ö«Ò Shao3 Di4 423
¤å«Ò Wen2 Di4 424
§µªZ«Ò Xiao4 Wu3 Di4 454
«e¼o«Ò Qian2 Fei4 Di3 465
©ú«Ò Ming2 Di4 465
«á¼o«Ò Hou4 Fei4 Di4 473
¶¶§Õ«Ò Shun4 Chen2 477

Qi2 »ô 479-502
°ª«Ò Gao1 Di4 (¿½¹D¦¨ Xiao1 Dao3 Cheng2) 479
ªZ«Ò Wu3 Di4 483
Æ{ªL¤ý Yu4 Lin2 Wang2 494
®ü³®¤ý Hai3 Ling2 Wang2 494
©ú«Ò Ming2 Di4 494
ªF©ü«J Dong1 Hun1 Hou2 499
©M«Ò He2 Di4 501

Liang2 ±ç 502-557
ªZ«Ò Wu3 Di4 (¿½­l Xiao1 Yan3) 502
²¤å«Ò Jian3 Wen2 Di4 550
¤¸«Ò Yuan2 Di4 552
·q«Ò Jing4 Di4 555

Chen2 ³¯ 557-589
ªZ«Ò Wu3 Di4 (³¯ÅQ¥ý Chen2 Ba4 Xian1) 557
¤å«Ò Wen2 Di4 560
¼o«Ò Fei4 Di4 567
«Å«Ò Xuan1 Di4 569
«á¥D Hou4 Zhu3 587

Northern Dynasties ¥_´Â (Bei3 Chao2)
Northern Wei4 ¥_ÃQ (Bei3 Wei4) 386-534
¹DªZ«Ò Dao4 Wu3 Di4 (©Ý¶[¯^ Tuo4 Ba2 Gui1) 386
©ú¤¸«Ò Ming2 Yuan2 Di4 409
¤ÓªZ«Ò Tai4 Wu3 Di4 424
«n¦w¤ý Nan2 An1 Di4 452
¤å¦¨«Ò Wen2 Cheng2 Di4 452
Äm¤å«Ò Xian4 Wen3 Di4 466
§µ¤å¤ý Xiao4 Wen2 Di4 471
«ÅªZ«Ò Xuan1 Wu3 Di4 500
§µ©ú«Ò Xiao4 Ming2 Di4 516
§µ²ø«Ò Xiao4 Zhuang1 Di4 528
ªø¼s¤ý Chang2 Guang1 Wang2 530
¸`¶{«Ò Jie1 Min3 Di4 531
¦w©w¤ý An1 Ding4 Wang2 532
§µªZ«Ò Xiao4 Wu3 Di4 532

Eastern Wei4 ªFÃQ (Dong1 Wei4) 534-550
§µÀR«Ò Xiao4 Jing4 Di4 (¤¸µ½¨£ Yuan2 Shan4 Jian4) 534
Northern Qi2 ¥_»ô (Bei3 Qi2) 550-577
¤å«Å«Ò Wen2 Xuan1 Di4 (°ª¬v Gao1 Yang2) 550
¼o«Ò Fei4 Di4 560
§µ¬L«Ò Xiao4 Zhao1 Di4 560
ªZ¦¨«Ò Wu3 Cheng2 Di4 561
«á¥D hou4 Zhu3 565
¥®¥D You4 Zhu3 577

Western Wei4 ¦èÃQ (Xi1 Wei4) 535-556
¤å«Ò Wen2 Di4 (¤¸Ä_¬² Yuan2 Bao3 Ju4) 535
¼o«Ò Fei4 Di4 552
®¥«Ò Gong1 Di4 554

Northern Zhou1 ¥_©P (Bei3 Zhou1) 557-581
§µ¶{«Ò Xiao4 Min3 Di4 (¦t¤åı Yu3 Wen2 Jiao4) 557
©ú«Ò Ming2 Di4 557
ªZ«Ò Wu3 Di4 561
«Å«Ò Xuan1 Di4 579
ÀR«Ò Jing4 Di4 579

Sui2 ¶¦ 581-618
¤å«Ò Wen2 Di4 (·¨°í Yang2 Jian1) 581
·Õ«Ò Yang2 Di4 605
¸q¹ç Yi4 Ning2 617

Tang2 ­ð 618-907
°ª¯ª Gao1 Zu3 (§õ²W Li3 Yuan1) 618
¤Ó©v Tai4 Zong1 627
°ª©v Gao1 Zong1 650
¤¤©v Zhong1 Zong1 684
ºÍ©v Rui4 Zong1 684
ªZ¦Z Wu3 Hou4 (ªZé¼ Wu3 Zhao4) 684

Zhou1 ©P 690-705
ªZ¦Z Wu3 Hou, Empress Wu3 (ªZ«h¤Ñ Wu3 Ze2 Tian1) 690
¤¤©v Zhong1 Zong1 (§õÅã Li3 Xian3) 705
¼Ü«Ò Shang1 Di4 710
ºÍ«Ò Rui4 Di4 710
¥È«Ò Xuan2 Di4 712
µÂ©v Su4 Zong1 756
¥N©v Dai4 Zong1 762
¼w©v De2 Zong1 780
¶¶©v Shun4 Zong1 805
¾Ë©v Xian4 Zong1 806
¿p©v Mu4 zong1 821
·q©v Jing4 Zong1 825
¤å©v Wen2 Zong1 826
ªZ©v Wu3 Zong1 841
«Å©v Xuan1 Zong1 847
Åt©v Yi4 Zong1 859
¹¯©v Xi1 Zong1 874
¬L©v Zhao1 Zong1 889
«s©v Ai1 Zong1 904

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms ¤­¥N¤Q°ê (Wu3 Dai4 Shi2 Guo2)
Five Dynasties ¤­¥N (Wu2 Dai4)
Later Liang2 «á±ç (Hou Liang2) 907-923
¤Ó¯ª Tai4 Zu3 (¦¶®Ì Zhu1 Huang3) 907
¥½«Ò Mo1 Di4 913

Later Tang2 «á­ð (Hou4 Tang2) 923-936
²ø©v Zhuang1 Zong1 (§õ¦sÔm Li3 Cun2 Xu4) 923
©ú©v Ming2 Zong1 926
¶{«Ò Min3 Di4 934
¥½«Ò Mo4 Di4 934

Later Jin4 «á®Ê (Hou4 Jin4) 936-946
°ª¯ª Gao1 Zu3 (¥Û·qºÁ Shi2 Jing3 Tang2) 936
¥X«Ò Chu1 Di4 943

Later Han4 «áº~ (Hou4 Han4) 947-950
°ª¯ª Gao1 Zu3 (¼Bá÷ Liu2 Hao4) 947
Áô«Ò Yin3 Di4 949

Later Zhou1 «á©P (Hou4 Zhou1) 951-960
¤Ó¯ª Tai4 Zu3 (³¢«Â Guo1 Wei1) 951
¥@©v Shi4 Zong1 955
®¥«Ò Gong1 Di4 960

Ten Kingdoms ¤Q°ê (Shi2 Guo2)
Wu2 §d 902-937
Former Shu3 «e¸¾ (Qian2 Shu3) 907-925
Wu2 Yue4 §d¶V 907-978
Chu3 ·¡ 907-951
Min3 »Ô 909-945
Nan2 Han4 «nº~ 917-971
Jing1 Nan2 ¯ð«n (Nan2 Ping2 «n¥­) 924-963
Later Shu3 «á¸¾ (Hou4 Shu3) 934-965
Southern Tang2 «n­ð (Nan2 Tang2) 937-975
Northern Han4 ¥_º~ (Bei3 Han4) 951-979 etc
Song4 Dynasty §º
Northern Song4 ¥_§º (Bei3 Song4) 960-1127
¤Ó¯ª Tai4 Zu3 (»¯¦J­N Zhao4 Kuang1 Yin4) 960
¤Ó©v Tai4 Zong1 976
¯u©v Zhen1 Zong1 998
¤¯©v Ren2 Zong1 1023
­^©v Ying2 Zong1 1064
¯«©v Shen2 Zong1 1068
­õ©v Zhe2 Zong1 1086
À²©v Hui1 Zong1 1101
´Ü©v Qin1 Zong1 1126

Southern Song4 «n§º (Nan2 Song4) 1127-1279
°ª©v Gao1 Zong1 (»¯ºc Zhao4 Gou4) 1127
§µ©v Xiao4 Zong1 1163
¥ú©v Guang1 Zong1 1190
¹ç©v Ning2 Zong1 1195
²z©v Li1 Zong1 1225
«×©v Du4 Zong1 1265
®¥«Ò Gong1 Di4 1275
ºÝ©v Huan4 Zong1 1276
«ÒÎô Di4 Bing3 1278

Liao2 ¿ñ 916-1125 ( «´¤¦ Qi4Dan1 The Khitans [situated in N.E. China])
The dynasty originally arose in 907 AD, and was called the Khitans
«´¤¦ (QiDan) but its name changed to Liao2 ¿ñ in 938 AD, back to
Khitan in 983 AD and back to Liao again in 1066 AD.
¤Ó¯ª Tai4 Zu3 (­C«ßªü«O¾÷ Ye2 Lü4 A1 Bao3 Ji1) 907
¤Ó©v Tai4 Zong1 927
¥@©v Shi4 Zong1 947
¿p©v Mu4 Zong1 951
´º©v Jing3 Zong1 969
¸t©v Sheng4 Zong1 982
¿³©v Xing1 Zong1 1031
¹D©v Dao4 Zong1 1055
¤Ñ¯®«Ò Tian1 Zuo4 Di4 1101

Western Xia4 ¦è®L (Xi1 Xia4) 1032-1226 (The Tanguts ÄÒ¶µ Dang3Xiang4
[inhabited the Ordos])

´º©v (§õ¤¸©þ Li3 Yuan2Hao4) 1032
¼Ý©v Yi4 Zong1 1049
´f©v Hui4 Zong1 1057
±R©v Chong2 Zong1 1086
¤¯©v Ren2 Zong1 1140
®Ù©v Huan2 Zong1 1194
Á¸©v Xiang1 Zong1 1206
¯«©v Shen2 Zong1 1211
Äm©v Xian4 Zong1 1223
«n¥­¤ý Nan2 Ping2 Wang2 1226

Jin2 ª÷ 1115-1234 (The Jurchens [defeated their rulers the Khitans])
¤Ó¯ª Tai4 Zu3 (§¹ÃCÌÉ Yuan2 Yan2 Min2) 1115
¤Ó©v Tai4 Zong1 1123
º³©v Xi1 Zong1 1135
®ü³®¤ý Hai3 Ling2 Wang2 1149
¥@©v Shi4 Zong1 1161
³¹©v Zhuang1 Zong1 1190
½Ã²Ð¤ý Wei4 Shao4 Wang2 1209
«Å©v Xuan4 Zong1 1213
«s©v Ai1 Zong1 1224
¥½«Ò Mo4 Di4 1234

Yuan2 ¤¸ 1279-1368
Mongol »X¥j (Meng3 Gu3) Dynasty
¤Ó¯ª Tai4 Zu3 (§¸¨à¥u¤çÅK¤ì¯u Bei4 Er2 Zhi3 Jin1 Tie3 Mu4 Zhen1 /
Temujin / Genghis Khan / Chingiz) 1206
©ì¹p Tuo1 Lei2 / ToLui (ºÊ°ê) 1228
¤Ó©v Tai4 Zong1 (ºÛÁï»O Ögödei / Ogötäi) 1229
¤D°¨¯u¦Z Nai3 Ma3 Zhen1 Hou4 / Töregene (ºÙ¨î Queen Regent) 1242
©w©v Ding4 Zong1 (¶Q¥Ñ Güyük) 1246
®ü°g¥¢¦Z Hai3 Mi2 Shi1 Hou4 / Ogul Gaimysh / Oghul Qaimish (ºÙ¨î Queen
Regent) 1249
¾Ë©v Xian4 Zong1 (»X­ô Möngke / Möngkë) 1251
¥@¯ª Shi4 Zu3 (©¿¥²¯P Hu1 Bi4 Lie4 / Kublai Khan / Qubilai) 1260

Kublai Khan names his dynasty "Yuan2 ¤¸" in 1271 and conquers Song4 §º
China in 1279

Yuan2 ¤¸ 1279-1368
¥@¯ª Shi4 Zu3 (©¿¥²¯P Hu1 Bi4 Lie4 / Kublai Khan / Qubilai) 1279
¦¨©v Cheng2 Zong1 ( ÅK¿p¦Õ Tie3 Mu4 Er3 / Temür / Temür Öljeitü) 1295
ªZ©v Wu2 Zong1 (®ü¤s KhaiShan / Kuluk) 1308
¤¯©v Ren2 Zong1 (·R¨|¾¤©Þ¤O¤K¹F Ayurparibhadra / Buyantu /
Ayurbarwada) 1312
­^©v Ying1 Zong1 (ºÓ¼wª¨«f Sudhipala / Shidebala) 1321
®õ©w«Ò Tai4 Ding4 Di4 (¤]®]ÅK¤ì¨à Yesün Temür) 1324
¤Ñ¶¶«Ò Tian1 Shun4 Di4 (ªü³t¦N¤K Asikipa / Aragibag) 1328
¤å©v Wen2 Zong1 (¹Ï©«·üº¸ Togh Temür / Toq Temür) 1328
©ú©v Ming2 Zong1 (©M¥@**«f Kushala / Qoshila) 1329

** The last character in ©M¥@«f is unavailable in the Big5 Character
set. It is composed of ¤ý«f although the Unicode 3.0 CJK UI Extention
A now contains this character at U+3EDD or 16093 &#16093;.
¹ç©v Ning2 Zong1 (Åt¿Z½è¯Z Rinchen Pal / Irinjibal) 1332
¶¶±a Shun4 Di4 (§´Åv©«·üº¸ Toghan Temür / Toghon Temür) 1333

Ming2 ©ú 1368-1661
¤Ó¯ª Tai4 Zu3 (¦¶¤¸¼ý Zhu1 Yuan2 Zhuang1) 1368
´f«Ò Hui4 Di4 1399
¦¨¯ª Cheng2 Zu3 1403
¤¯©v Ren2 Zong1 1425
«Å©v Xuan1 Zong1 1426
­^©v Ying1 Zong1 1436
¥N©v Dai4 Zong1 1450
­^©v Ying1 Zong1 1457
¾Ë©v Xian4 Zong1 1465
§µ©v Xiao4 Zong1 1488
ªZ©v Wu3 Zong1 1506
¥@©v Shi4 Zong1 1522
¿p©v Mu4 Zong1 1567
¯«©v Shen2 Zong1 1573
¥ú©v Guang1 Zong1 1620
¿Q©v Xi1 Zong1 1621
«ä©v Si1 Zong1 1628

Qing1 ²M 1636-1911
Also known as the Man3 Zhou1 Manchu º¡¦{ Dynasty
Later Jin1 «áª÷ 1616-1636
¤Ó¯ª Tai4 Zu3 ¤Ñ©R Tian1 Ming4
(·R·sıù§Vº¸«¢¨ª Ai4 Xin1 Jue2 Luo2 Nu2 Er3 Ha3 Chi4, Aisin Gioro
Nurhachi) 1616

¤Ó©v Tai4 Zong1 ¤ÑÁo Tian1 Cong1 1627
¥@¯ª Shi4 Zu3 ¶¶ªv Shun4 Zhi4 1634

Shun4 Zhi4 changes the dynastic name Later Jin1 «áª÷ to Qing1 ²M in
1636, conquering Ming ©ú China in 1644
Qing1 ²M 1644 - 1911
¥@¯ª Shi4 Zu3 ¶¶ªv Shun4 Zhi4 1644
¸t¯ª Sheng4 Zu3 ±dº³ Kang1 Xi1 1662
¥@©v Shi4 Zong1 ¹l¥¿ Yong1 Zheng4 1723
°ª©v Gao1 Zong1 °®¶© Qian2 Long2 1736
¤¯©v Ren2 Zong1 ¹Å¼y Jia1 Qing4 1796
«Å©v Xuan1 Zong1 ¹D¥ú Dao4 Guang1 1821
¤å©v Wen2 Zong1 «wÂ× Xian2 Feng1 1851
¿p©v Mu4 Zong1 ¦Pªv Tong2 Zhi4 1862
¼w©v De2 Zong2 ¥úºü Guang2 Xu4 1875
·Á»ö Pu3 Yi4 «Å²Î Xuan1 Tong3 1909

Kingdom of Heavenly Peace ¤Ó¥­¤Ñ°ê (Tai4 Ping2 Tian1 Guo2) 1850-1864
¬x¨q¥þ Hong2 Xiu4 Quan2 (b.1813 d. 1 June 1864) 1850

Hong2 Xiu4 Quan is said to have commited suicide by taking poison, and
was suceeded by his son,
¬x¤Ñ¶QºÖ Hong2 Tian1Gui4 Fu2 (b. 23 Nov 1849 d. 18 Nov 1864) 1864
The Fu2 character in Hong2 Tian1Gui4 Fu2 ¬x¤Ñ¶QºÖ was appended to his
name by his father when he was twelve years old. TianGui Fu continues
the Tai4 Ping2 Tian1 Guo2 until his surrender, capture and execution
of his followers. He dies a few days before his fifteenth birthday
having succeeded his father for just over five and a half months.

º¡¬w°ê Man1 Zhou1 Guo2 (Manchukuo) Puppet State 1932 - 1945
(·R·sıù·Á»ö Ai4 Xin1 Jue2 Luo2 Pu3 Yi4 / Aisin Gioro Pu Yi )
1932-1945

PuYi becomes Emperor of Manchukuo, 28 January 1932. Abidicated 15
August 1945 after Japanese surrender. Later, he was captured by the
Communists and reeducated, gaining a pardon on 4 December 1959 and
dies in 1967.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Modern China : Presidents of the Republic
Republic of China ¤¤µØ¥Á°ê 1912 -
®]¤å Sun1 Wen2 (b. 1866 - d. 1925)

(®]¤¤¤s Sun1 Zhong1 Shan1, ®]¶h¥P Sun1 Yi4 Xian1 / Sun Yat Sen) Jan -
Feb 1912
Proclaimed provisional president of the new Republic of China, with
negotiations occuring with the XuanTong court for the emperors
abdication (Feb 1912).
°K¥@³Í Yuan2 Shi4 Kai (Yüan Shi-k'ai b. 1859 d. 1916) March 1912 - 6
June 1916

As part of the terms of the abdication, Yuan Shikai replaces Sun
YatSen and becomes the new provisional in March. He tries to proclaim
himself Emperor in January 1916, and forced by public opposition to
abandon that. He dies naturally, and the Age of the Warlords
effectively begins.
­x»Ö®É¥N Age of the Warlords1916-1928

Northern (¥_¨Ê Beijing) Regime
¾¤¤¸¬x Li Yuanhong (Li Yüan-hung) 1916-1917
¶¾°ê¼ý Feng Guozhang (Feng Kuo-chang) 1917-1918
®}¥@©÷ Xu Shichang (Hsü Shih-ch'ang) 1918-1922
¾¤¤¸¬x Li Yuanhong (Li Yüan-hung) 1922-1923
±äÀC Cao Gun (Ts'ao Kun) 1923
¬q¸R·ç Duan Qirui (Tuan Chi-jui) 1924
Southern (¼s¦{ Guangzhou and «n©÷ Nanchang) Regimes
®]¤å Sun Wen 1921-1925
Sun having spent some time in exile in Japan and in the West, returns
to China, and seeing the outcome of the age of Warlordism, tries to
set up a rival powerbase in Guangzhou. Since the foreign powers does
not recognise the southern parliament, the Guangzhou rump parliament
suffers from lack of financial support. Sun dies and succeeded by
Generalissimo Jiang Jieshi.
½±¤¶¥Û Jiang3 Jie4 Shi2 (Chiang Kai-Shek) 1925 - 1928
After the death of Sun YatSen, Jiang sets about bringing China under
control, defeating the Warlords in the north and when he takes
Beijing/Peking, he is recognised as the true government of China.
Nationalist Government, China


½±¤¶¥Û Jiang2 Jie4 Shi2 (Chiang Kai-Shek) 1928 - 1948

China becomes a one party state under the "Organic Law" of 1928. Jiang
contends with the Japanese occupation in the puppet state of
Manchukuo, Communists, and natural disasters. The economy suffers
inflation. After Japanese departure, civil war leads to defeat where
the nationalists flee to Taiwan in December 1948 with 2 million
supporters.
Nationalist government moved to Taiwan 1949 - present
½±¤¶¥Û Jiang2 Jie4 Shi2 (Chiang Kai-Shek) 1949 - 1975
After Jiang JieShi's death, Vice President Yen Chia-kan (Yan2 Jia1
Gan4 ÄY®a²h) becomes the acting president 1975 - 1978
½±¸g°ê Chiang Ching-Kuo (b. 1910 d. 1988) 1978 - 1988
§õµn½÷ Li3 Deng1 Hui1 / Lee Teng-hui (b. 1923) 1988 - 2000
³¯¤ô«ó Chen2 Shui3 Bian3 (b. 1951) 2000 -


Communists

¤ò¿AªF Mao ZeDong 1931 - 1949
Mao leads a band of Communist followers on what will become known as
The Long March when Jiang attacks them. Civil war occurs after the
departure of the Japanese forces, and won by the communists in 1949.

People's Republic of China ¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê 1949 - present

¤ò¿AªF Mao2 Ze2 Dong1 / Mao Tse-Tung (b. 1893) 1949 - 1976
After Mao ZeDong's death, Prime Minister Hua4 Guo2 Feng1 (µØ°ê¾W)
becomes acting head of state 1976-1977
¾H¤p¥­ Deng4 Xiao3 Ping2 (b. 1902) 1976 - 1997
¦¿¿A¥Á Jiang1 Ze2 Ming2 (b. 1926) 1997 -
Also see the "Private life of Chairman Mao,"
by by LI ZHI-SUI
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0679764437/qid=1098810985/sr=2-1/ref=pd_ka_b_2_1/002-1188373-5244849

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
References
http://chinapage.com/history/chindate.html
Si Jiao Hao Ma Xin Ci Dian ¥|¨¤¸¹½X·sµü¨å, Shang Wu Yin Shu Guan
°Ó°È¦L®ÑÀ]
Shang Wu Xin Zi Dian °Ó°È·s¦r¨å, Shang Wu Yin Shu Guan °Ó°È¦L®ÑÀ]
Benesse KanWa Jiten ºÖªZº~©MÃã¨å
From Emperor to Citizen, The Autobiography of Aisin-Gioro Pu Yi.
Transl. W.J.F. Jenner

Chinese Western protestant Christain Imperialist opium War
http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/chinesehistory/pgp/fairbank.htm

<*** Interesting read on the Taiping rebellion of 1862 - 1867
God's Chinese Son, (The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong XiuQuan),
Jonathan Spence. Harper Collins, 1996. ISBN 0-00-255584-0. >
review
http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/chinesehistory/pgp/spence2.htm

Also see this book by Jonathan Spence
The Search for Modern China
by Jonathan D. Spence
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393307808/qid=1098811078/sr=2-1/ref=pd_ka_b_2_1/002-1188373-5244849

other books by this author
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/index=books&field-author=Jonathan%20D.%20Spence/002-1188373-5244849

bio page:
http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2001/10.18/04-spence.html
New york review of Books review
http://www.nybooks.com/authors/1633

A History of China, J.A.G. Roberts, Macmillan, ISBN 0-333-65426-9
The Cambridge illustrated history of China, Patricia Buckley Ebrey,
Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-43519-6 pbk / ISBN
0-521-66991-X hbk
Modern China - An Illustrated History, J.A.G. Roberts, Sutton Pub.
ISBN 0-86299-847-6
The Concise Encyclopedia of World History. Rodney Castleden
Ancestors - 900 Years in the Life of a Chinese Family, Frank Ching,
Harrap, ISBN 0-245-54675-8
The Mongols, E.D. Phillips. Thames and Hudson. 1969
The Mongol Warriors - Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hülegü, Tamerlane.
David Nicolle. 1990. ISBN 1-85314-104-6
Ghengis Khan - Conqueror of the World. Leo De Hartog. I. B. Taurus
(publ.). 1989. ISBN 1-86064-375-2

Revolutions: Theoretical, Comparative, and Historical Studies
by Jack A. Goldstone
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/015506679X/qid=1098812170/sr=1-3/ref=sr_1_3/002-1188373-5244849?v=glance&s=books
States and Social Revolutions : A Comparative Analysis of France,
Russia and China
by Theda Skocpol
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521294991/qid%3D1036885010/sr%3D2-1/ref%3Dsr%5F2%5F1/002-1188373-5244849
homepage
http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/soc/faculty/skocpol/
----------------------------------------------------------
Republican China, 'Tongmeng hui'
http://www.press.uillinois.edu/epub/books/chen/append.html
http://www-chaos.umd.edu/history/republican.html
http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/chinesehistory/pgp/zhou.htm
http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/chinesehistory/pgp/rankin.htm
http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/chinesehistory/pgp/isaacs.htm

Sun Yat-sen: Pragmatism without ideology
http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/chinesehistory/pgp/hess.htm

In his work on Yen Fu, Benjamin Schwartz notes a very interesting
conversation held between Yen and Sun Yat-sen in 1905. In reacting to
Yen's call for a slower program focusing on education, Sun allegedly
replies "How long can a man wait for the river to clear? You, sir, are
a thinker, I am a man of action" (Schwartz, p.145). How does Schiffrin
portray Sun then? He draws a similar conclusion. "He was an
improviser, not a political philosopher" ( Schiffrin, p.2). Again this
work fits in the familiar intellectual history mode, and focuses on
Sun's thoughts and actions. In terms of the standard for success under
discussion, does Sun represent a success or a failure? Schiffrin's
work focuses on the first decade of Sun's revolutionary activity from
1895 to 1905. This is an earlier period than that dealt with in the
above works, and the term revolution in this context is a bit
different.

It may be argued that "revolutionaries" in twentieth century China
shared certain beliefs despite the fact that the social and political
environments between these early revolutionaries (like Sun and the
radical students discussed by Rankin) were quite different from the
May Fourth milieu. Obviously they were all dissatisfied with China's
condition. They tended to share the belief that what was needed was a
program of action that could rapidly restore China's greatness. Speed
then was a crucial component for the revolutionary programs of both Li
Ta-chao and men like Sun. Li, however, focused on consciousness as a
key to societal transformation, and this became a cornerstone of the
revolutionary process for the CCP. This kind of program required an
ideological package linked to pragmatic applications of that ideology.
As Meisner points out, the "isms" so detested by the liberal
pragmatist Hu Shih, were essential for men like Li to carry out the
kind of rapid change they advocated. For many of the early
revolutionaries like those dealt with by Rankin, they did not have a
clear plan. Revolution was a means to overthrow the Ch'ing. These
radicals were often drawn to acts of terrorism and violence and
romantic self sacrifice and are not portrayed as having concrete,
pragmatic frameworks for their actions.

Schiffrin painstakingly describes Sun's failed attempts at carrying
out revolution during the period under examination. These were mostly
planned acts of violence, and it was hoped they would lead to the
capture of key cities like Canton (p.60). Throughout the book
Schiffrin finds Sun an extremely pragmatic character. His flexibility
and pragmatic techniques allowed him to search for support quickly
where and when he needed it. Thus Schiffrin points out that in a three
month period during the short-lived Waichow uprising he organized, Sun
had offered various foreign powers and reformers leadership roles and
power in the new administration he was fighting to build in return for
aid (p.240). "Sun needed help badly, and as usual, he was prepared to
share the spoils with anyone who offered deliverance" (p.237). The
very imperialist powers, Britain and Japan, so reviled by most
revolutionaries were courted by Sun to achieve his goals. Sun's
pragmatism and flexibility then, can be seen as coming at the cost of
a lack of principle and a lack of a strong ideological program tied to
his pragmatism. "Convinced that delay in changing China would invite
disaster, Sun preferred fluid tactics that promised quick results.
Matters of principle were less important; he always felt he could
properly use others to achieve his own patriotic ends" (p.5).

Schriffrin finds that it was not until Sun adapted once again and
linked up with the ideologically driven student intellectuals to form
the T'ung Meng Hui that he begins the path toward more successful
revolutionary action. The linkage of ideology and pragmatism in this
case involved the linkage of two separate groups. The students chose
Sun for his pragmatic leadership, Sun found them to possess the
ideological traits he lacked. Schiffrin correctly points out that they
did not learn anything new ideologically from Sun, who is portrayed
here as an entrepreneurial leader (p.365). Sun's attempts during this
period failed for a number of reasons, but his weak ideology was
perhaps his greatest flaw. The historical mode used to evaluate Sun
clearly points this out. It was not that Sun was without ideology, but
his thought was often so vague that it was difficult to
enthusiastically embrace them (p.365). The fact that so many groups,
the KMT, the CCP and even warlords like Feng Yu-hsiang were able to
use his principles so freely attests to their flexibility. He was too
pragmatic and flexible to restrain his actions with an ideological
program.

Early Chinese Revolutionaries: "The opposites of the Leninist
revolutionary type"

Mary Rankin's study focuses on the early revolutionaries and radical
student intellectuals, who like Sun, tried to carry out their own
versions of revolution from 1902 to 1911. She finds them successful
only in that they became prototypes for later revolutionaries of the
next few decades of the twentieth century (p.227). Unlike Sun Yat-sen,
they lacked pragmatism. While she is sensitive to the fact that
numerous structural factors of Chinese society at this time also
contributed to this group's failure, she does find that a major fault
was that they were too ideological driven, too idealistic. "In general
it can be said that their methods evolved less rapidly than their
theoretical ideas" (Rankin, p.14). Although this work is not purely
intellectual history, Rankin nonetheless focuses on the issue of
pragmatism and ideology, and finds that these early revolutionaries
lacked the former.

What then becomes of ideology without pragmatism? This question is
particularly important within the context of revolutionary movements.
Without a unified pragmatic organizational structure these early
revolutionaries lacked a realistic means to try to connect their
ideals of overthrowing the dynasty change with the realities of
Chinese society. Thus in her chapters dealing with the attempts made
by these radicals to carry out revolutionary reforms in rural settings
like Chekiang, Rankin finds them forced to work closely with local
elites promoting similar modernizing projects (p.159). Without true
revolutionary ideology, that which linked pragmatic strategy without
having to sacrifice one's ideals, it was often difficult to
distinguish moderate elites from these radicals (p.158). Rankin finds
many of these early revolutionaries drawn to acts of random violence
and self-sacrifice, strategies that were consistent with their
romantic ideals (p.176). Such attempts may have been good publicity
for radical aims, but destructive in the long term (p.176).

What emerges from these works then, is a view of success that
emphasizes ideology and pragmatism. Just having one and not the other
leads to failure. Ideology is not a rigid thing but must be
incorporated in and intertwined with pragmatism if it is to be
successfully "used". This appears to be the case in revolutionary
efforts to change society for example. Perhaps this is a universal way
to measure the success of such efforts regardless of which society or
what the time period. Is it fair or correct then for Rankin to compare
the revolutionaries of her study to later ones? "Ch'iu and Hsu were
the exact opposite of the Leninist type of revolutionary and their
efforts ended in personal testimonies of faith in revolution with
little thought of the futures of their organizations" (p.176). How, in
1907, were they to have developed the more sophisticated Leninist
organizational methods? In setting up this standard for success, how
much of it is tainted by this kind of hindsight?

The theme of the relationship of pragmatism and ideology has been
drawn largely from the works focusing on intellectual history. In the
China field, questions of how foreign ideology and thought was adapted
to the Chinese setting were a major component of Fairbank's broad
"response to the west" paradigm that emerged in the early 1950's
during the field's infancy. In this way, many of these monographs fit
neatly as bricks in the Fairbankian "wall." Indeed in his pioneering
work China's Response to the West Fairbank calls for such monographic
study as a crucial component to understanding China's modern history
(Teng and Fairbank, p.5). The focus was on intellectuals. Indeed,
access to China was impossible for these researchers at this time.
This severely limited the kinds of studies that could be done. With
access to many of the writings of these Chinese intellectuals in
American collections and in Taiwan, the plethora of intellectual
historical monographs on this subject makes sense.

The voices of the Chinese subjects themselves often emphasized the
issues stressed by these researchers. Naturally, intellectual
historians place great emphasis on ideas as forces that move history.
Specifically, the issues of pragmatism and ideology were themselves of
utmost importance to men like Li Ta-chao as he developed ways to adapt
Marxist ideology to a Chinese context. These researchers are dealing
with a very real and important question. One also wonders how much
their own personal politics and beliefs influence their work. Perhaps
men like Meisner, writing in the context of the Vietnam War, see in
men like Li their own hopes of the efficacy of intellectuals to
spearhead change in society.

The politics of the cold war must also be taken into account to
explain why such an emphasis was placed on modes of inquiry that
focused on ideology. Fairbank is clear in his introduction to China's
Response to the West that focusing on issues involving which Western
ideas were emphasized by Chinese revolutionaries and how they were
used was important for understanding the CCP's rise to power in China
(p.2). Out of political necessity, it was necessary to focus on the
rise of Marxist ideology in China, and how it was implemented. What
emerges in the literature is both a statement on the efficacy of the
right kind of ideology and of how it can be implemented in various
contexts. Pragmatism then was essential in order to implement a
foreign ideology with prescriptive qualities in China. An emphasis on
pragmatism also implies a focus on historical context. It focuses how
ideas are implemented on the ground in a given situation. This also
had political implications within an American context. Arguments
within the field regarding the uniqueness (or lack of) with regard to
Mao, and his adaptation of Marxism were important during the context
of the cold war and Vietnam. Was Mao so pragmatic he was not a
Marxist, or was he simply following Russian instructions? One sees
historians like Meisner carefully locating himself within this
framework (Meisner, p.xiii).

The standard for revolutionary success, the right combination of
pragmatism and ideology is seen throughout these works. Even in those
who were not revolutionaries, like the warlord Feng Yu-hsiang, the
standard was applied and judgement rendered. On the one hand this is
fine, we clearly see that ideology without pragmatism remains at the
level of idealism. Too much pragmatism makes successful implementation
of a plan, particularly a plan focusing on radically changing society
or a political system, difficult if not impossible. The historical
"success" in China is the CCP. All of these historians knew this. One
wonders then how much of this work is teleological in that it sets up
CCP victory. While none of the works ignores the contexts in which the
revolutionaries operated, it is curious to find the standard used on
men like Feng. Moreover Rankin's comparison, for example, of the
revolutionaries in 1907 with the more organized ones later in the
1920s and 1930s reveals a bias. This theme of the relationship between
pragmatism and ideology is indeed a major reason for communist success
in China. But in just looking at their rise as fitting the standard
runs the risk of ignoring other efforts and dynamics in the history of
modern China's revolution. Perhaps this is the danger of hindsight in
historical scholarship.

China 10 years after Tianimien Square
http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1999/china.50/50.beyond/political.overview/
bio of the tyrant Deng Xiaoping
http://www.bartleby.com/65/de/DengXiao.html
http://edition.cnn.com/2001/ASIANOW/east/01/06/tiananmen.papers/

Leftist World revolutions after 1989
The Crisis of Leninism and the Decline of the Left
The Revolutions of 1989

Edited by Daniel Chirot
http://www.washington.edu/uwpress/search/books/CHICRC.html

Bibliography of my paper
20th Century China and russia
http://www.geocities.com/s011023/toms_files1/essays/revolutions.htm
Texts:
Jack A. Goldstone, ed., Revolutions: Theoretical, Comparative, and
Historical Studies,
(Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace, 2003).
William G. Rosenberg and Marilyn B. Young, Transforming Russia and
China: Revolutionary
Struggle in the Twentieth Century (New York: Oxford University Press,
1982).
Eric R. Wolf, Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century (New York: Harper
and Row, 1969).
Marifeli Perez-Stable, The Cuban Revolution: Origins, Course and
Legacy (New York: Oxford
University Press, 1993).
Timothy Garton Ash, The Magic Lantern: The Revolution of '89 Witnessed
in Warsaw, Budapest,
Berlin and Prague (New York: Random House, 1990).
Robert V. Daniels, The End of the Communist Revolution (London:
Routledge, 1990).
Immanuel Wallerstein
http://fbc.binghamton.edu/commentr.htm
my paper on karl marx, max weber and Immaneul Wallerstein
http://www.geocities.com/s011023/toms_files1/essays/marx_weber_wallerstein.htm
Sweatshops and the Corporate slave paridigm in the Third World
http://www.stanford.edu/class/e297c/trade_environment/trade_environment.htm

Trotsky on on the Fukin Reactionary revisionist Protestant cocksucking
little bitch Cromwell
http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/britain/ch06.htm
my views on the middle east conflict
http://geocities.com/s011023/middleast.html
http://web.archive.org/web/20021202195936/http://www.smuc.ac.uk/trs/phdholyland.html
http://www.iap.org/withoutland.htm
Reviews of Edward Said's book, "The Question of palestine,"
http://sun3.lib.uci.edu/indiv/scctr/Wellek/said/book25.html
www.Amazon.com price listing:
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0679739882/palestinebook-20/002-1188373-5244849

Other Books by Edward Said
note
Edward Said was a Palestinian Christain and Chair of the humanities
department at Columbia University
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/index%3Dbooks%26field-author%3DSaid%2C%20Edward%20W./002-1188373-5244849

synopsis of his theoretical praxis
http://65.107.211.206/post/poldiscourse/pol11.html

How the right wing Likud Kikes of Israel conspire with hamas to deny
middle east stability or equality of palestinian state self
determination.
http://www.pacificnews.org/content/pns/2001/dec/1214unholy.html
http://web.archive.org/web/20010913210030/http://www.abcnews.go.com/sections/world/DailyNews/mideast010802_hamas.html

The Orthodox Right wing Likud kike settlers in the West Bank and Gaza
exploiting palestinians
Tue., October 26, 2004 Cheshvan 11, 5765 Israel Time: 20:08 (GMT+2)
The settlers' persecution
http://www.haaretzdaily.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=%20224145&subContrassID=3&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y&itemNo=224145

The Butcher of lebannon, Ariel Sharon
A Editorial written by Israeli author, Amos Oz
DOVISH IN GALILEE
Date: February 4, 1990, Sunday, Late Edition - Final Section 7; Page
14, Column 1; Book
http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/10/26/home/oz-slopes.html?oref=login
Filthy White WASP protestant Zionist wannabe kikes aping right wing
Zionist Heresey's: Genocide For Confederate Dixiecrat white trash,
On the elie weisal Ann Frank, Lombard, Pict, jut, Goth Saxon vermin
trash newshour
http://www.guardian.co.uk/israel/Story/0,2763,820528,00.html

Un security council resolutions on Palestine / israel
UN 242
http://web.archive.org/web/20010319045121/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/b86613e7d92097880525672e007227a7/59210ce6d04aef61852560c3005da209!OpenDocument

UN 338
http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/7fb7c26fcbe80a31852560c50065f878!OpenDocument

Israeli center for information and human rights in the Occupied
territories
http://www.btselem.org/

Books by Norman Finkelstein
http://www.normanfinkelstein.com/id44.htm

Jewish minister of South Africa calls for a boycott of israel
http://www.haaretzdaily.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=155161&contrassID=2&subContrassID=1&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y

Evidence of a right wing US republican Likud conspiracy in the Middle
east
U.S. Supports Israel's Rejection of the World Court Opinion
(Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied
Palestinian Territories, International Court of Justice, 2004, 9 July,
General List No. 131; Aluf Benn, "ICJ: West Bank fence is illegal,
Israel must tear it down," Haaretz, July 9, 2004,
http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/449395.html accessed July 9,
2004.)
http://groups.google.com/groups?hl=en&lr=&selm=57cf3dba.0409020829.2c940e7c%40posting.google.com&rnum=8
End the Apartheid!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

my views on the rectionary consumerist aethist capitalist consumerism
http://www.geocities.com/s011023/consumer.html

Israel's privitized defense industry is arming the CCP of China
http://www.nytimes.com/library/opinion/rosenthal/102299rose.html
http://web.archive.org/web/20021021051918/http://www.odci.gov/nic/pubs/research_supported_by_nic/conference_paper/sadeh.htm

Proof that US companies, Union Carbide and Dow Chemical supplied
Saddam hussein with his Poison Gas Stockpiles in the 1980's under the
reagan bush administration
http://web.archive.org/web/20021012100424/http://bombay.indymedia.org/newswire/display/76/index.php
Lester thurow
Lester C. Thurow
The Zero-Sum Society:
Distribution and the Possibilities for Economic Change

Penguin
paperback, 12.00

http://web.archive.org/web/20001002021752/http://mitpress.mit.edu/bookstore/authors/zerosum.html

Post by Brian Damage
Seen any black helicopters lately, Tommy?

Post by Thomas J Wheat
The earliest reported Dynasty in Chinese civilization was the ethnic
Tibetan Chiang Hsiung Hsia, (Xsia) Dynasty founded in 2200 B.C.E.
The Next Dynasty was the Shang Dynasty. This dynasty lasted from 1766
B.C.E to approximately 1100 B.C.E. This dynasty featured rudimentary
jade and Bronze Casting technology and the spirtual divination of the
practices at that time focused on occult human and animal sacrifice.
Once the victim was sacrificed the flesh was stripped from the bones
and the bones were bleeched and set into the sacrificial fire.
Depending on the nature of the fire searing the Bone, the cracks in
those bones would determine the earliest basis for the Phylogy and
phenomenology of the Chinese language character system.
The Next Dynasty was the Zhou (Chou) dynasty. This dynasty was
considered a golden age in Chinese history. This period began from
roughly 1100 B.C.E. with intermitten decentralization of the
feudatories and the beginning of the Iron Age in the Warring States
Period from about 700 B.C.E. to about 225 B.C.E.
The early great Philosophical kings of the Zhou Dynasty period were
King Wu, Marshall Wei and the Duke of Zhou. The Duke of Zhou was
considered an agricultural innovator by introducing the three seasonal
three field crop rotation method.
The Warring States period, (660 - 225 B.C.E.) featured a period of
much civil war and political decentralization and yet also featured a
revitilization of chinese philosophical thought. The earliest known,
written works of this time were the I - Ching, and the philosophers
of this time were Lao Tzu, composer of the Tao Te Ching, and earliest
known chinese traveller to Amdo, Tibet. The creator of the Chinese
Civil Service Academy was Kung Fu Tzu, composer of the Analects,
(Confucius) and Meng Tzu who formalized confucian thought in the 2nd
century B.C.E.
Confucian thought centered on the principle of Ren and Li, Benevolence
and proper ritual practices, repectively and also focused on ancestral
spirit worship along with a practical mundane philosophy for a code
among the Shin Shi, the philosopher Bureacrat knight.
Other Books of this period focused on taoist gurellia warfare
techniques and occult chinese opera. The most famous book of this
later period, written approximately in 200 B.C.E. was Sun Tzu's, "Art
of War."
The end of the Zhou dynasty saw a revivalist of the eastern 12
feudatory kingdoms of the Han dynasty unto their defeat by the Chin
dynasty which culminated in the shortlived 25 year regime of a unified
China under Chin Shi Huang Di with the rise of the Legalist positivist
school of chinese occult political theocratic statecraft.
The rise of the Chin Dynasty, 225 B.C.E. to 200 B.C.E. saw for the
first time albeit a short time a unified and centralized China. Chin
Shi Huang Di however did not tolerate dissedents to his rule.
Many Books were burned, chiefly among them the Lost book of Poetry,
and many of the Confucians, Daoists, and the Mohists, perhaps the
world's first 'free love bohemian society' many had their bodies
buried up to their necks in sand and then had their necks crushed, or
were boiled alive in their own blood in huge iron vats. Other occult
human sacrificial techniques also included scaling 5 foot in length by
1 foot in width razor ladders approximately 20 feet high with the
survivor being granted clemency upon succesful ascent and descent of
the razor ladder to heaven Gauntlet.
Chin Shi Huang Di's regime was shortlived because he had no efficient
bureacratic succession method. Out of his approximatelly 22 sons, he
had originally designated his second son as his heir, however, the
17th son assasinated the second son and so the dynasty plunged again
into chaos and disorder. He was entombed in a pyramid, and his
sarcophagus rested on a floating lake of mercury. Archaelogical
evidence of his skull revealed the existence of mercury poisoning
which contributed to the disfigurement of his spine and death in his
mid to late sixties. His tomb had approximately 10,000 chin soldiers
each bearing a unique likeness and representation of the soldier who
had the misfortune of being entombed alive with the death of Chin Shi
Huang Di.
Qin Shi Huang Di was also obssessed with the search for immortality.
This caused him to seek many a chinese alchemist potion and Taoist
sexual practices intended to increase his Chi, or life force.
Unfortunately few worked for him as evinced by the mercury traces in
the forensic analysis of his skull.
The next dynasty was the Han dynasty. This dynasty lasted from 200
b.c.e. to about 400 C.E. During the latter half of this period saw the
rise of the silk road Eastern Western, European Asian trade routes and
the formation of the Pax Sinica and the Pax Romana. Indeed at Julius
Caesar's coronation, Han red silk imperial banners were featured.
The Han dynasty represented a technological revolution of Iron age
bronze lost wax casting methods. The consolidation of East west Silk
route trade was facillitated between the Han of china and the Mauryan
Asokan dynasty of India, and the Parthians, descendants of Cyrus,
Xerxes and Alexander's Generals of Persia to the Roman Empire of the
Mediterraniean.
During this period Trade between India and China began to commence
with the silk route importation of metaphysical Tai Chi and Kung Fu,
along with the Buddhist philosophical thought of the Theravadan
Tripitaka, Pali Canon and importation of Mahayana commentary by
Kumarajiva, and Nagarjuna, (Mahamadyikma,
http://www.khandro.net/Bud_philo_Madhyamika.htm , Sunyata, the Great
Void School) http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=9001321 and
also see
http://www.iep.utm.edu/n/nagarjun.htm ) propagated by Chinese pilgrims
to India disseminating such thought upon returning to China, chiefly
the most famous of them being Fan Shen, Bodhi Dharma, and Zhuang
tZuan, (Hsuang Tzuan) the first pioneers across the Tamalakarand
XinJiang desert beginning in the latter half of the second century
B.C.E. to about the end of the 7th century C.E.
During this time the pilgrmage Stupas, of Swayambunath
( http://www.sacredsites.com/1st30/swayambh.html ) and Bhodunath,
http://www.exodus.co.uk/picfiles/a00hp49a.html were constructed and as
legend would have it by Padmasambhava himself. Inside these temples
legend maintained the existence of secret caverns, where death to all
mortals prevailed and the existence of Naga dragon guardian Serpent
kings.
The decline of the han saw the rise of the Tang Dynasty in China
beginning about roughly in the 7th century and ending roughly in the
9th century. (600 C.E. to about 900 C.E. Tang China's most powerful
Ruler, Tang Taitzu still nonetheless had his capital, Changan sacked
and held for 30 days by 250,000 Tibetan Calvarymen of the northern
Western Tibetan Tribes led by Gyalpo Srongtsen Gampo. A treaty was
concluded in approximately 760 C.E whichwas formalized by stone
pillars erected in both Changan and the Tibetan capital of Lhasa which
stipulated the equalness and equality of the hegemonic temporal power
both nation states shared in the Indian middle eastern Silk Route
trade routes. As a condition of the treaty between Tibet and China,
the chinese emperor seceded his daughter Princess Wen Chen, along with
the arrival of the Jowo Sakyamuni statue to the Jokhang cathedral in
Lhasa. It was reputed that princess Wen Chen Brought the secrets of
chinese agriculture to the nomadic pastorlist Tibetans. Srongtsan
Gampo also took a nepalese bride from the King of Nepal.
The Tibetan Yarlung Dynasty began about approximately 225 B.C.E. when
legend had it that the first king of heaven descended from the sky on
a meteroite lightning bolt phurba. He was named Namri Sangpo.
In the 8th century tibetan kings opened up more cultural and
philosophical trade routes with India, and conquered, Ladhak and
Khotan during the regimes of Tri Song Detsun, (Thi Song Detsun) and
Hathori Nyantsen, and Ralpachen. During this period was marked by the
arrival of the Kashmiri Pandit, Padmasambhava who first pacified and
integrated Bonpo indigenous Tibetan occult theology with Tantric
Buddhist and Hindu theologies. India also borrowed much from tibet, as
it was reputed that the Home of Shiva was none other to be found then
in Mt. Kailash in Tibet.
Tibetan military dress was influenced both by Chinese armor
construction techniques as well as the importation of persian scale
mail. Tibetan cultural influences have been ecceltically varied from
cultural importation of Zorastrianism and Mongolian Shamanism.
The Tibetan Yarlung dynasty ended with the assasination of the Bon po
king Lang Darma and the rise of the Tibetan Priest Class to temporal
power.
Meanwhile in China the fall of the Tang at approximately the same time
of the assasination of lang darma culminated in the rise of the
Nothern - Southern Song (Sung) Dynasty which lasted from 960 C.E. to
about 1163 C.E. The bureacratic state philosophy of this time featured
the principle of Wu - Wei, or Void full non action, in the sense
that the ruler and the subjects existed in symbiotical rings of
temporal influence. The latter half of the Southern song (Sung)
Dynasty saw the formation of Chan Shaolin Buddhist warrior monks who
feuded with Mongolian Hsia, Hun, Shamanist Buddhist nomadic warrior
chieftans.
The Song dynasty was virtually entirely annihilated by Ghengiss,
(Chingiss) Temujin Khan, (b- 1163 c.e. d- 1227 c.e.) and also by his
grandson Kublai khan by 1242 C.E. with the formation of the Yuan
Dynasty. It was during this period that the Altaeic Pax mongolica
superseded the Pax Sinica and Centralization of the trade routes
between east and west opened up more far east trade with the Venetian
republics of Italy and the declining Maecadonian Byzantium Empire.
Marco polo an early Italian historian and merchant traveller to Kublai
khan's court and also the first importer of pasta from china left many
a account in his diary concerning the coutenance and the statecraft of
the Mongol Yuan Court.
During this time the Mongols made Tibet a military Protectorate and
enlisted the Tibetan Lama's as their Chief Shaman's. The most famous
of these Lama's was Sakya Pandita. The system of limited suzeranity
applied to Tibet by the Mongol Khans envisaged a Cho Yon, priest
patron relationship, with the priest obliged to pray for the welfare
and long life of the emperor, and the emperor, obliged to protect the
wealth and authority of the Kagyu Karmapa's and later Sakya and then
Gelugpa patriarchs of the Tibetan church as well as provide for the
national defense of the Tibetan state from foreign invaders. Unlike
Europe this was a centralized Feudal System unlike a decentralized
feudal system.
Meanwhile the Mongols rocketed across the Urals and sacked Russkian
Kiev and Novgorod and Vladimir Volynia, Suzdalia Rostav in the 1237 -
1242, winter military campaigns as well as Austria, Hungary and Poland
during the same period. Led by Temujin's Grandson, Batu the Russian
Mongols converted to Islam however they invested the title of Grand
Prince of Vladimir - Kiev with Alexander Nevsky a enobled Russian
orthodox saint and collaborater with the Mongols. Thus the Orthodox
Slavic Ruirkid Rus Dynasty was spared total annhilation.
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00004XQN5/ref=pd_ecc_rvi_1/102-5157557-6512121
Eisenstein - The Sound Years (Ivan the Terrible Parts 1 & 2, Alexander
Nevsky) - Criterion Collection (1938)
The Yuan Dynasty fell in 1388. The Mongols continued to rule russia
until the rise of Ivan Grozny IV (Ivan Vassiliovich) when Moscow a
hill fort established by the Mongols superseded the Vladimir Suzdalian
Rostov, Pskov municipalities.
The Mongols would still continue to dominate Central Asia well into
the 17th and 18th centuries though later as decentralized tribal
confederacies.
The Ming Dynasty which began in 1388 also saw the catalouging of the
Yuan official court records, as recorded in the 'Yuan Po Pao Shi,'
also translated into English, as "the secret history of the Mongols,"
Secret History of the Mongols: The Origin of Chingiss Khan by Paul
Kahn, Francis Woodman Cleaves
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0887272991/102-5157557-6512121?v=glance
The Ming Dynasty was founded in 1388 by a former Buddhist Peasant
http://www.chinapage.com/painting/mingtaizu.html
The Ming dynasty was an age of great exploration and cultural
renesseance for the first half of the dynasty. During this time many
seafaring voyages to Africa and the mideast occured until the rise of
the Portegeuse and the Dutch hegemons of the West. However, somewhere
during the middle half of the dynasty, due to the proliferation of
bureacratic Eunuchs in the royal household circumvented the
centripetal authority of the Emperor. The latter half of the Ming
Dynasty was known as the Great Withdrawal period were China once had
the technoligical crest of civilization then due to western hegemonic
consolidation of the Silk Road Gun Powder and Ship Wright construction
trade fell behind the west. The Ming Dynasty fell in 1644.
They were replaced by Manchurian Jin Tribesman led by the tetrarchy of
Dorgan, Nur Haichi and Hong Taiji who established the Qing (Pure)
Dynasty. The greatest rulers of this dynasty were KangXi, 1654?1722
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor/qing1204.html
http://web.archive.org/web/20020316043349/http://www.stanford.edu/class/history92a/readings/kangziyongzheng.html
YongZhen, and Qianlong. After these regimes the neo Confucian Qing
state began to bureacratically and inertially implode due to the
Protestant opium wars. The Qing dynasty fell in 1911, when the boy
emperor Pu Yi was deposed by Yuan Shi Kai.
Republican China began with Sun Yat sen.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor.html

[Water Barbarian]

The link is for the historical map of China.

http://www.greatchina.biz/bbs/index.php?showtopic=3006

Post by Thomas J Wheat
yes, apache c130 helicopter gunships, for ashkeNazi White
midwesterners in america and in Jerusalem and EM project aurora.
In other news here is some imperial chinese art.
Also Iam a member of the NKFA
http://lodestar.yandex.ru/
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
talk.politics.tibet,soc.culture.china,talk.politics.china,soc.culture.israel,sonoma.general
Subject: some photos of Imperial china
NNTP-Posting-Host: 198.189.140.229
History of late imperial China and russia, & Communist Post Glasnost
eras
http://www.geocities.com/s011023/toms_files1/essays/frontpagerevolution.htm
Late Qing and modern chinese silk screen paintings
http://kaladarshan.arts.ohio-state.edu/exhib/gug/indxs/in/inchinptg.html
Timeline of Chinese Dynasties
http://chinapage.com/history/dyna1.html
mythical sage rulers
http://chinapage.com/history/chindate.html
http://web.archive.org/web/20031206150336/www.jilin.gov.cn/whg/py-en.htm
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor.html
1. Aisin-Gioro¡€ Pu Yi, 3 years old in 1908 when he was enthroned to
be Emperor Xuan Tong, the 10th emperor of the Qing Dynasty, the last
emperor of China.
2. Pu Yi, 11 years old, ascended the throne once more in 1917
during the farce of the restoration of the dethroned Qing's Emperor by
Warlord ZhangXun
3. Pu Yi, living a stupid, cowardly and timid life in Tianjin
4. Pu Yi, 28 years old, mounted the throne to be puppet Emperor of
the puppet Manchurian regime fostered by Japanese invaders on March 1,
1934
8. 5. Petitions read and commented on by Pu Yi
6. Vase sent to Pu Yi by Japanese empress dowager
7. Souvenir Badge for Pu Yi to come to the throne as puppet Manchurian
regime issued on March 1,1934
9. Wan Rong, Empress of the puppet Manchurian regime, last Empress of
China.
10. Tan Yuling, High-ranking Concubine Mingxian conferred on her by Pu
Yi during the period of puppet Manchurian regime
11. Li Yuqin, Concubine Fu conferred on her by Pu Yi during the period
of puppet Manchurian regime
12. Wen Xiu, High-ranking Concubine conferred Shu on her by Pu Yi in
Beijing's Imperial Palace.
13. Pu Yi, reforming through labor in Fushun War Criminal Supervisory
Station
14. Pu Yi, being an ordinary citizen of New China.
15. Pu Yi, being a citizen of New China, and his wife Li Shuxian's
group photo taken to mark their marriage
ᵠȯ
----------------------------------------------------------------------
16. Portraits of Chinese Emperors
http://chinapage.com/emperor/sanhuang0001.html
http://chinapage.com/emperor/wudi0005.html
http://chinapage.com/emperor/wudi0007.html
http://chinapage.com/emperor/wudi0008.html
Qin, Han, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties
a. Qin ShiHuangDi
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor/qin1001.html
Historical portrait paintings
Huang Di
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor/huangdi.html
Han dynasty emperor stone carving engraving
http://www.chinapage.com/images/gaozu.jpg
b. http://www.chinapage.com/painting/tangtaizong.html
c. Emperor Taizong - Tang Dynasty
http://www.chinapage.com/painting/tangtaizong.html
http://www.chinapage.com/painting/tangtaizong2.html
http://chinapage.com/emperor/tang0801.html
d. Emperor WenDi - Sui Dynasty
Song Dynasty Taitzu
http://www.chinapage.com/painting/taizu.html
http://chinapage.com/emperor/sui0701.html
http://chinapage.com/emperor/sui0702.html
A. Gheghis Khan
http://www.chinapage.com/painting/gheghis.html
B. Khubilai Khan Shizu
http://www.chinapage.com/painting/kublai.html
Picture of one of Kublai Khan's wives,
A Nestorian Christain
http://www.chinapage.com/painting/kublaiqueen.html
C. Emperor Taizu of Ming Dynasty
14-century. Anonymous
ink and color on silk
National Palace Museum, Taipei
http://chinapage.com/painting/mingtaizu2.html
http://www.chinapage.com/painting/mingtaizu3.html
http://www.chinapage.com/painting/chengzu.html
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor/ming1103.html
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor/ming1104.html
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor/ming1105.html
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor/ming1106.html
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor/ming1107.html
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor/ming1108.html
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor/ming1109.html
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor/ming1110.html
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor/ming1111.html
D. Kangxi
http://www.chinapage.com/painting/kangxi2.html
http://www.chinapage.com/painting/kangxi4.html
1. ShiZu ShunZhi
E. Emperor Kangxi - Qing Dynasty
http://chinapage.com/emperor/qing1204.html
http://chinapage.com/painting/kangxi2.html
-----
----
F. Emperor QianLong - Qing Dynasty
http://chinapage.com/painting/qianlong.html
http://chinapage.com/emperor/qing1201.html
TaiZong
http://chinapage.com/emperor/qing1202.html
http://chinapage.com/emperor/qing1203.html
G. PuYi XuanTong
H. Empress Dowager Cixi (Cunt bitch)
http://chinapage.com/biography/cixi.html
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dynasties and Rulers of China
China has had a long history of successive rulers from mythical sages
to real people documented in historical chronicles. Below is a list of
rulers by their reign title. Only the main dynastic players in Chinese
history are listed.
The first section lists the mythical and semi-mythical rulers. These
contributed towards the development of Chinese culture in general by
their teaching of important skill to the people. The founders of the
Xia4, Shang1 and Zhou1 dynasties are important only as signposts in
the timeline, the transition between the mythical and the historical.
In the second section, Dynastic China, the major dynasties are given
together with reign titles and dates. The names of the founders of
those dynasties are given in brackets. The year given against each
ruler is the year (in the Western calendar) of ascension the throne.
We end with the third section, post imperial Modern China.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mythical - Semi-Mythical Rulers
Mythical Rulers 50,000 BC - 2700 BC
Pre-historic
Š³±_ (You3Chao2)
Àæ€H (Sui4Ren2) - Taught man to use fire to cook
€T¬Ó
¥ñ¿ª (Fu2Xi1) - First taught the people fishing, herd domestication,
and the inventor of the octogram and writing.
€kŽE (Nü3wa1) - Younger sister of ¥ñ¿ª, fashioned four pillars of
multicoloured stone set upon the back of a turtle to prop up the
heavens.
¯«¹A (Shen2Nong2) - Introduced agriculture, medicines and healing and
the formulated the 64 hexagrams.
Semi-mythical Rulers
€­«Ò (Wu3Di4) 2697 BC - 2033 BC
¶À«Ò (Huang2Di4) Inventor of the calendar, music, presided over the
systemisation written language and healing
­ÜŸe (Cang1Ji2) , minister to ¶À«Ò, systemised the written language.
ÃF¹z (Zhuan1Xu1) grandson of ¶À«Ò, lived in Gao1Yang2 °ª¶§ in modern
Henan ªe2«n2 province
«ÒôA (Di4Ku4) (ôA Ku4) Great grandson of ¶À«Ò
­ð³ó (Tang2Yao2) (³ó Yao2) Said to have created a the calendar,
Great-great grandson of ¶À«Ò, fifty years on the throne, ruled wisely.
ž·µÏ (Yu2Shun4) (µÏ Shun4) Took reign after ³ó retired, controlled
water and noted for his filial piety.
€T¥N (San1 Dai4) Three Dynasties of the semi-mythical age
¬ê (Yu3) founder of ®L the Xia4 Dynasty
Žö (Tang1) founder of ®ï the Yin1 (°Ó Shang1) Dynasty
ªZ (Wu2) founder of Šè©P (Xi1Zhou1) the Western Zhou Dynasty
¥ý€ý (Xian1Wang2) Ancient Kings of the mythical - semi-mythical age
³ó great-great grandson of ¶À«Ò
µÏ reign after ³ó retired
¬ê founder of ®L the Xia Dynasty
Žö founder of ®ï the Yin (°Ó) or Shang Dynasty
€å (Wen2) father of ªZ
ªZ founder of Šè©P the Western Zhou Dynasty
€T¥N€§žt€ý (SanDai zi ShengHuang) Sage Kings of the Three Dynasties
¬ê first ruler of ®L the Xia Dynasty
Žö first ruler of ®ï the Yin (°Ó) or Shang Dynasty
€å called ®V©÷ was father to ªZ
ªZ first ruler of Šè©P the Western Zhou Dynasty
€T¥N€§ŒÉ§g (SanDai zi BaoJun) Cruel Rulers of the Three Dynasties
®å (Jie2) last ruler of ®L the Xia Dynasty (died 1562? BC)
¬ô (Zhou4) last ruler of ®ï the Yin (°Ó) or Shang Dynasty (died 1050)
«Õ (Yuo1) last ruler of Šè©P the Western Zhou Dynasty (died 771 BC)
ŒF (Li4) cruel ruler during Šè©P the Western Zhou Dynasty (died 826
BC)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dynastic China
Xia4 ®L 2033-1562 BC
 Yu3 First ruler of Xia, tamed floods, one of the Sage kings
±Ò Qi3
€Ó±d Tai4 Kang1
¥ò±d Zhong4 Kang1
¬Û Xiang1
€Ö±d Shao3 Kang1
ªV Zhu4
ºi Huai2
š~ Mang2
ªn Xie4
€£­° Bu4 Jiang4
ÎÓ Jiong1
ᶠJin3
€Õ¥Ò Kong3 Jia3
¯o Gao1
µo Fa1
Œi¬Ñ Lü3 Gui3 (®å Jie2)
Shang1 °Ó 1562-1066 BC
Žö Tang1 overthrew the tyrannical ruler ®å of the ®L tribe. A Sage
king
¥~€þ Wai4 Bing3
¥ò€Ð Zhong4 Ren2
€Ó¥Ò Tai4 Jia3
šU€B Wo4 Ding1
€Ó©° Tai4 Geng1
€p¥Ò Xiao3 Jia3
¹l€v Yong1 Ji3
€Ó¥³ Tai4 Wu4
¥ò€B Zhong4 Ding1
¥~€Ð Wai4 Ren2
ªeܳ¥Ò He2 Dan3 Jia3
¯ª€A Zu3 Yi3
¯ªš¯ Zu3 Xin1
šU¥Ò Wo4 Jia3
¯ª€B Zu3 Ding1
«n©° Nan2 Geng1
¶§¥Ò Yang2 Jia3
œL©° Pan2 Geng1
€pš¯ Xiao3 Xin1
€p€A Xiao3 Yi3
ªZ€B Wu3 Ding1
¯ª©° Zu3 Geng1
¯ª¥Ò Zu3 Jia3
éoš¯ Lin3 Xin1
©°€B Geng1 Ding1
ªZ€A Wu3 Yi3
€Ó€B Tai4 Ding1 (€å€B Wen2 Ding1)
«Ò€A Di4 Yi3
«Òš¯ Di4 Xin1 (¬ô Zhou4)
Zhou1 Dynasty ©P
ªZ (Wu3) name ªZ€ý®Vµo (Wu3Wang2 Ji1Fa1) established the Zhou1
Dynasty. A Sage King. Father of Šš€ý (Cheng2Wang2).
€å (Vun2) father of ªZ (name ŠèšÕ©÷ Xi1Bai3Chang1) ancestor of the
dukes of the Ÿ| Lu3 and ®Ê Jin4 states during the Zhou1 Dynasty.
Western Zhou1 Šè©P (Xi1 Zhou1) 1066-771 BC
ªZ€ý King Wu3 (®Vµo Ji1 Fa1)
Šš€ý King Cheng2
±d€ý King Kang1
¬L€ý King Zhao1
¿p€ý King Mu4
Åt€ý King Yi4
§µ€ý King Xiao4
Ši€ý King Yi2
ŒF€ý King Li4
©y€ý King Yi2 827 BC
«Õ€ý King You1 781 BC
Eastern Zhou1 ªF©P (Dong1 Zhou1) 770-256 BC
¥­€ý King Ping2 (®V©yŠÝ Ji1 Yi2Jiu4) 770 BC
®Ù€ý King Huan2 719 BC
²ø€ý King Zhuang1 696 BC
Âç€ý King Li2 681 BC
Žf€ý King Hui4 676 BC
Áž€ý King Xiang1 651 BC
³Œ€ý King Qing3 618 BC
ŠJ€ý King Kuang1 612 BC
©w€ý King Ding4 606 BC
²€ý King Jian3 585 BC
ÆF€ý King Ling2 571 BC
Žº€ý King Jing3 544 BC
·q€ý King Jing4 519 BC
€ž€ý King Yuan2 475 BC
­s©w€ý King Zhen1 Ding4 468 BC
ŠÒ€ý King Xiao4 440 BC
«Â¯P€ý King Wei1 Lie4 425 BC
Šw€ý King An1 401 BC
¯P€ý King Lie4 375 BC
Åã€ý King Xian3 368 BC
·Vè°€ý King Shen4 Jing4 320 BC
³i€ý King Nan3 314 BC
Spring and Autumn Period ¬K¬î (Chun1 Qiu1) 770-476 BC
Warring States ŸÔ°ê (Zhan4 Guo2) 475-221 BC (Seven Most Powerful
States)
Qin2 ¯³
¬LÁž€ý King Zhao1 Xiang1 (ŸÆ«h Ying2 Ze2) 306 BC
§µ€å€ý King Xiao4 Wen2 250 BC
²øÁž€ý King Zhuang1 Xiang1 249 BC
©l¬Ó«Ò Qin2 Shi3 Huang2 Di4 (ŸÆ¬F Ying2 Zheng4) 246 BC see Qin ¯³
below
Wei4 ÃQ
Zhao4 »¯
Han2 Áú
Chu3 ·¡
Yan4 ¿P
Qi2 »ôetc.
Qin2 ¯³ 221-207 BC
©l¬Ó«Ò Qin2 Shi3 Huang2 Di4 (ŸÆ¬F Ying2 Zheng4) 246 BC The First
Emperor of Qin China
Han4 º~
Western Han Šèº~ (Xi1 Han4) 206 BC - 8 AD
°ª«Ò Emperor Gao1 (ŒBš¹ Liu2 Bang1) 206 BC
Žf«Ò Emperor Hui4 194 BC
°ªŠZ Emperess Gao1 187 BC
€å«Ò Emperor Wen2 179 BC
Žº«Ò Emperor Jing3 156 BC
ªZ«Ò Emperor Wu3 140 BC
¬L«Ò Emperor Zhao1 86 BC
«Å«Ò Emperor Xuan1 73 BC
€ž«Ò Emperor Yuan2 48 BC
Šš«Ò Emperor Cheng2 32 BC
«s«Ò Emperor Ai1 6 BC
¥­«Ò Emperor Ping2 1 AD
À©€lÀŠ (€ý²õÄá¬F) Child heir, regent Wang Mang 6 AD
Xin1 ·s 9AD - 25 AD
€ý²õ Wang2 Mang3 9 AD
§ó©l«Ò Emperor Shi3 Geng1 (ŒB¥È Liu2 Xuan2) 23 AD
Eastern Han ªFº~ (Dong1 Han4) 25 - 220 AD
¥ú¹Ó«Ò Emperor Guang1 Mu4(ŒBšq Liu2 Xiu4) 25 AD
©ú«Ò Emperor Ming2 56
³¹«Ò Emperor Zhang1 76
©M«Ò Emperor He2 89
ŒÜ«Ò Emperor Shang1 106
Šw«Ò Emperor An1 107
¶¶«Ò Emperor Shun4 126
šR«Ò Emperor Chong1 145
œè«Ò Emperor Zhi4 146
®Ù«Ò Emperor Huan2 147
ÆF«Ò Emperor Ling2 168
€Ö«Ò Emperor Shao3 189
Äm«Ò Emperor Xian4 189
Three Kingdoms €T°ê (San1 Guo2) 220 - 265
Wei4 ÃQ 220-265
€å«Ò Wen2 Di4 (±ä¥A Cao2 Pi1) 220
©ú«Ò Ming2 Di4 227
»ô€ý Qi2 Wang2 240
°ª¶Q¶m€œ Gao1 Gui4 Xiang2 Gong1 254
€ž«Ò Yuan2 Di4 260
Shu3 Han4 žŸº~ 221-263
¬L¯P«Ò Zhao1 Lie4 Di4 (ŒB³Æ Liu2 Bei4) 221
«á¥D Hou4 Zhu3 223
Wu2 §d 222-280
€j«Ò Da4 Di4 222
·|œ]€ý Hui4 Ji1 252
Žº«Ò Jing3 Di4 258
¥œ«Ò Mo4 Di4 264
Jin4 ®Ê 265-420
Western Jin4 Šè®Ê (Xi1 Jin4) 265-317
ªZ«Ò Wu3 Di4 (¥q°šª¢ Si1 Ma3 Yan2) 265
Žf«Ò Hui4 Di4 290
Ãh«Ò Huai2 Di4 307
·]«Ò Min3 Di4 313
Eastern Jin4 ªF®Ê (Dong1 Jin4) 317-420
€ž«Ò Yuan2 Di4 (¥q°šºÍ Si1 Ma3 Rui4) 317
©ú«Ò Ming2 Di4 318
Šš«Ò Cheng2 Di4 322
±d«Ò Kang1 Di4 317
¿p«Ò Mu4 Di4 345
«s«Ò Ai1 Di4 362
®üŠè€œ Hai2 Xi1 Gong1 366
²€å«Ò Jian3 Wen2 Di4 371
§µªZ«Ò Xiao4 Wu3 Di4 373
Šw«Ò An1 Di4 397
®¥«Ò Gong1 Di4 419
Sixteen States €Q€»°ê (Shi2 Liu4 Guo2)
Han4 º~ (Former Zhao «e»¯ Qian2 Zhao4) 304-328
Ran2 Wei4 ¥TÃQ (Later Zhao «á»¯ Hou4 Zhao4) 319-352
Cheng2 Šš (Han4 º~) 303-347
Former Qin2 «e¯³ (Qian2 Qin2) 351-394
Former Yan4 «e¿P (Qian2 Yan4) 307-370
Late Yan4 «á¿P (Hou4 Yan4) 384-409
Southern Yan4 «n¿P (Nan2 Yan4) 398-410
Late Qin2 «á¯³ (Hou4 Qin2) 384-417
Xia4 ®L 407-431
Northern Wei4 ¥_ÃQ (Bei3 Wei4) 409-436
Former Liang2 «e²D (Bei3 Liang2) 313-376
Late Liang2 «á²D (Hou4 Liang2) 386-403
Southern Liang2 «n²D (Nan2 Liang2) 397-414
Northern Liang2 ¥_²D (Bei3 Liang2) 397-439
Western Liang2 Šè²D (Xi1 Liang2) 400-421
Western Qin2 Šè¯³ (Xi1 Qin1) 385-431
Northern and Southern Dynasties «n¥_ŽÂ (Nan2 Bei3 Chao2)
Southern Dynasties «nŽÂ (Nan2 Chao2)
Song4 §º 420-479
ªZ«Ò Wu3 Di4 (ŒBžÎ Liu2 Yu4) 420
€Ö«Ò Shao3 Di4 423
€å«Ò Wen2 Di4 424
§µªZ«Ò Xiao4 Wu3 Di4 454
«eŒo«Ò Qian2 Fei4 Di3 465
©ú«Ò Ming2 Di4 465
«áŒo«Ò Hou4 Fei4 Di4 473
¶¶§Õ«Ò Shun4 Chen2 477
Qi2 »ô 479-502
°ª«Ò Gao1 Di4 (¿œ¹DŠš Xiao1 Dao3 Cheng2) 479
ªZ«Ò Wu3 Di4 483
Æ{ªL€ý Yu4 Lin2 Wang2 494
®ü³®€ý Hai3 Ling2 Wang2 494
©ú«Ò Ming2 Di4 494
ªF©ü«J Dong1 Hun1 Hou2 499
©M«Ò He2 Di4 501
Liang2 ±ç 502-557
ªZ«Ò Wu3 Di4 (¿œ­l Xiao1 Yan3) 502
²€å«Ò Jian3 Wen2 Di4 550
€ž«Ò Yuan2 Di4 552
·q«Ò Jing4 Di4 555
Chen2 ³¯ 557-589
ªZ«Ò Wu3 Di4 (³¯ÅQ¥ý Chen2 Ba4 Xian1) 557
€å«Ò Wen2 Di4 560
Œo«Ò Fei4 Di4 567
«Å«Ò Xuan1 Di4 569
«á¥D Hou4 Zhu3 587
Northern Dynasties ¥_ŽÂ (Bei3 Chao2)
Northern Wei4 ¥_ÃQ (Bei3 Wei4) 386-534
¹DªZ«Ò Dao4 Wu3 Di4 (©Ý¶[¯^ Tuo4 Ba2 Gui1) 386
©ú€ž«Ò Ming2 Yuan2 Di4 409
€ÓªZ«Ò Tai4 Wu3 Di4 424
«nŠw€ý Nan2 An1 Di4 452
€åŠš«Ò Wen2 Cheng2 Di4 452
Äm€å«Ò Xian4 Wen3 Di4 466
§µ€å€ý Xiao4 Wen2 Di4 471
«ÅªZ«Ò Xuan1 Wu3 Di4 500
§µ©ú«Ò Xiao4 Ming2 Di4 516
§µ²ø«Ò Xiao4 Zhuang1 Di4 528
ªøŒs€ý Chang2 Guang1 Wang2 530
ž`¶{«Ò Jie1 Min3 Di4 531
Šw©w€ý An1 Ding4 Wang2 532
§µªZ«Ò Xiao4 Wu3 Di4 532
Eastern Wei4 ªFÃQ (Dong1 Wei4) 534-550
§µÀR«Ò Xiao4 Jing4 Di4 (€žµœš£ Yuan2 Shan4 Jian4) 534
Northern Qi2 ¥_»ô (Bei3 Qi2) 550-577
€å«Å«Ò Wen2 Xuan1 Di4 (°ª¬v Gao1 Yang2) 550
Œo«Ò Fei4 Di4 560
§µ¬L«Ò Xiao4 Zhao1 Di4 560
ªZŠš«Ò Wu3 Cheng2 Di4 561
«á¥D hou4 Zhu3 565
¥®¥D You4 Zhu3 577
Western Wei4 ŠèÃQ (Xi1 Wei4) 535-556
€å«Ò Wen2 Di4 (€žÄ_¬² Yuan2 Bao3 Ju4) 535
Œo«Ò Fei4 Di4 552
®¥«Ò Gong1 Di4 554
Northern Zhou1 ¥_©P (Bei3 Zhou1) 557-581
§µ¶{«Ò Xiao4 Min3 Di4 (Št€åı Yu3 Wen2 Jiao4) 557
©ú«Ò Ming2 Di4 557
ªZ«Ò Wu3 Di4 561
«Å«Ò Xuan1 Di4 579
ÀR«Ò Jing4 Di4 579
Sui2 ¶Š 581-618
€å«Ò Wen2 Di4 (·š°í Yang2 Jian1) 581
·Õ«Ò Yang2 Di4 605
žq¹ç Yi4 Ning2 617
Tang2 ­ð 618-907
°ª¯ª Gao1 Zu3 (§õ²W Li3 Yuan1) 618
€Ó©v Tai4 Zong1 627
°ª©v Gao1 Zong1 650
€€©v Zhong1 Zong1 684
ºÍ©v Rui4 Zong1 684
ªZŠZ Wu3 Hou4 (ªZéŒ Wu3 Zhao4) 684
Zhou1 ©P 690-705
ªZŠZ Wu3 Hou, Empress Wu3 (ªZ«h€Ñ Wu3 Ze2 Tian1) 690
€€©v Zhong1 Zong1 (§õÅã Li3 Xian3) 705
ŒÜ«Ò Shang1 Di4 710
ºÍ«Ò Rui4 Di4 710
¥È«Ò Xuan2 Di4 712
µÂ©v Su4 Zong1 756
¥N©v Dai4 Zong1 762
Œw©v De2 Zong1 780
¶¶©v Shun4 Zong1 805
ŸË©v Xian4 Zong1 806
¿p©v Mu4 zong1 821
·q©v Jing4 Zong1 825
€å©v Wen2 Zong1 826
ªZ©v Wu3 Zong1 841
«Å©v Xuan1 Zong1 847
Åt©v Yi4 Zong1 859
¹¯©v Xi1 Zong1 874
¬L©v Zhao1 Zong1 889
«s©v Ai1 Zong1 904
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms €­¥N€Q°ê (Wu3 Dai4 Shi2 Guo2)
Five Dynasties €­¥N (Wu2 Dai4)
Later Liang2 «á±ç (Hou Liang2) 907-923
€Ó¯ª Tai4 Zu3 (Š¶®Ì Zhu1 Huang3) 907
¥œ«Ò Mo1 Di4 913
Later Tang2 «á­ð (Hou4 Tang2) 923-936
²ø©v Zhuang1 Zong1 (§õŠsÔm Li3 Cun2 Xu4) 923
©ú©v Ming2 Zong1 926
¶{«Ò Min3 Di4 934
¥œ«Ò Mo4 Di4 934
Later Jin4 «á®Ê (Hou4 Jin4) 936-946
°ª¯ª Gao1 Zu3 (¥Û·qºÁ Shi2 Jing3 Tang2) 936
¥X«Ò Chu1 Di4 943
Later Han4 «áº~ (Hou4 Han4) 947-950
°ª¯ª Gao1 Zu3 (ŒBá÷ Liu2 Hao4) 947
Áô«Ò Yin3 Di4 949
Later Zhou1 «á©P (Hou4 Zhou1) 951-960
€Ó¯ª Tai4 Zu3 (³¢«Â Guo1 Wei1) 951
®¥«Ò Gong1 Di4 960
Ten Kingdoms €Q°ê (Shi2 Guo2)
Wu2 §d 902-937
Former Shu3 «ežŸ (Qian2 Shu3) 907-925
Wu2 Yue4 §d¶V 907-978
Chu3 ·¡ 907-951
Min3 »Ô 909-945
Nan2 Han4 «nº~ 917-971
Jing1 Nan2 ¯ð«n (Nan2 Ping2 «n¥­) 924-963
Later Shu3 «ážŸ (Hou4 Shu3) 934-965
Southern Tang2 «n­ð (Nan2 Tang2) 937-975
Northern Han4 ¥_º~ (Bei3 Han4) 951-979 etc
Song4 Dynasty §º
Northern Song4 ¥_§º (Bei3 Song4) 960-1127
€Ó¯ª Tai4 Zu3 (»¯ŠJ­N Zhao4 Kuang1 Yin4) 960
€Ó©v Tai4 Zong1 976
¯u©v Zhen1 Zong1 998
€¯©v Ren2 Zong1 1023
­^©v Ying2 Zong1 1064
¯«©v Shen2 Zong1 1068
­õ©v Zhe2 Zong1 1086
À²©v Hui1 Zong1 1101
ŽÜ©v Qin1 Zong1 1126
Southern Song4 «n§º (Nan2 Song4) 1127-1279
°ª©v Gao1 Zong1 (»¯ºc Zhao4 Gou4) 1127
§µ©v Xiao4 Zong1 1163
¥ú©v Guang1 Zong1 1190
¹ç©v Ning2 Zong1 1195
²z©v Li1 Zong1 1225
«×©v Du4 Zong1 1265
®¥«Ò Gong1 Di4 1275
ºÝ©v Huan4 Zong1 1276
«ÒÎô Di4 Bing3 1278
Liao2 ¿ñ 916-1125 ( «Ž€Š Qi4Dan1 The Khitans [situated in N.E. China])
The dynasty originally arose in 907 AD, and was called the Khitans
«Ž€Š (QiDan) but its name changed to Liao2 ¿ñ in 938 AD, back to
Khitan in 983 AD and back to Liao again in 1066 AD.
€Ó¯ª Tai4 Zu3 (­C«ßªü«OŸ÷ Ye2 Lü4 A1 Bao3 Ji1) 907
€Ó©v Tai4 Zong1 927
¿p©v Mu4 Zong1 951
Žº©v Jing3 Zong1 969
žt©v Sheng4 Zong1 982
¿³©v Xing1 Zong1 1031
¹D©v Dao4 Zong1 1055
€Ñ¯®«Ò Tian1 Zuo4 Di4 1101
Western Xia4 Šè®L (Xi1 Xia4) 1032-1226 (The Tanguts ÄÒ¶µ Dang3Xiang4
[inhabited the Ordos])
Žº©v (§õ€ž©þ Li3 Yuan2Hao4) 1032
ŒÝ©v Yi4 Zong1 1049
Žf©v Hui4 Zong1 1057
±R©v Chong2 Zong1 1086
€¯©v Ren2 Zong1 1140
®Ù©v Huan2 Zong1 1194
Áž©v Xiang1 Zong1 1206
¯«©v Shen2 Zong1 1211
Äm©v Xian4 Zong1 1223
«n¥­€ý Nan2 Ping2 Wang2 1226
Jin2 ª÷ 1115-1234 (The Jurchens [defeated their rulers the Khitans])
€Ó¯ª Tai4 Zu3 (§¹ÃCÌÉ Yuan2 Yan2 Min2) 1115
€Ó©v Tai4 Zong1 1123
º³©v Xi1 Zong1 1135
®ü³®€ý Hai3 Ling2 Wang2 1149
³¹©v Zhuang1 Zong1 1190
œÃ²Ð€ý Wei4 Shao4 Wang2 1209
«Å©v Xuan4 Zong1 1213
«s©v Ai1 Zong1 1224
¥œ«Ò Mo4 Di4 1234
Yuan2 €ž 1279-1368
Mongol »X¥j (Meng3 Gu3) Dynasty
€Ó¯ª Tai4 Zu3 (§žšà¥u€çÅK€ì¯u Bei4 Er2 Zhi3 Jin1 Tie3 Mu4 Zhen1 /
Temujin / Genghis Khan / Chingiz) 1206
©ì¹p Tuo1 Lei2 / ToLui (ºÊ°ê) 1228
€Ó©v Tai4 Zong1 (ºÛÁï»O Ögödei / Ogötäi) 1229
€D°š¯uŠZ Nai3 Ma3 Zhen1 Hou4 / Töregene (ºÙšî Queen Regent) 1242
©w©v Ding4 Zong1 (¶Q¥Ñ Güyük) 1246
®ü°g¥¢ŠZ Hai3 Mi2 Shi1 Hou4 / Ogul Gaimysh / Oghul Qaimish (ºÙšî Queen
Regent) 1249
ŸË©v Xian4 Zong1 (»X­ô Möngke / Möngkë) 1251
Kublai Khan names his dynasty "Yuan2 €ž" in 1271 and conquers Song4 §º
China in 1279
Yuan2 €ž 1279-1368
Šš©v Cheng2 Zong1 ( ÅK¿pŠÕ Tie3 Mu4 Er3 / Temür / Temür Öljeitü) 1295
ªZ©v Wu2 Zong1 (®ü€s KhaiShan / Kuluk) 1308
€¯©v Ren2 Zong1 (·Rš|Ÿ€©Þ€O€K¹F Ayurparibhadra / Buyantu /
Ayurbarwada) 1312
­^©v Ying1 Zong1 (ºÓŒwªš«f Sudhipala / Shidebala) 1321
®õ©w«Ò Tai4 Ding4 Di4 (€]®]ÅK€ìšà Yesün Temür) 1324
€Ñ¶¶«Ò Tian1 Shun4 Di4 (ªü³tŠN€K Asikipa / Aragibag) 1328
€å©v Wen2 Zong1 (¹Ï©«·üºž Togh Temür / Toq Temür) 1328
set. It is composed of €ý«f although the Unicode 3.0 CJK UI Extention
A now contains this character at U+3EDD or 16093 &#16093;.
¹ç©v Ning2 Zong1 (Åt¿Zœè¯Z Rinchen Pal / Irinjibal) 1332
¶¶±a Shun4 Di4 (§ŽÅv©«·üºž Toghan Temür / Toghon Temür) 1333
Ming2 ©ú 1368-1661
€Ó¯ª Tai4 Zu3 (Š¶€žŒý Zhu1 Yuan2 Zhuang1) 1368
Žf«Ò Hui4 Di4 1399
Šš¯ª Cheng2 Zu3 1403
€¯©v Ren2 Zong1 1425
«Å©v Xuan1 Zong1 1426
­^©v Ying1 Zong1 1436
¥N©v Dai4 Zong1 1450
­^©v Ying1 Zong1 1457
ŸË©v Xian4 Zong1 1465
§µ©v Xiao4 Zong1 1488
ªZ©v Wu3 Zong1 1506
¿p©v Mu4 Zong1 1567
¯«©v Shen2 Zong1 1573
¥ú©v Guang1 Zong1 1620
¿Q©v Xi1 Zong1 1621
«ä©v Si1 Zong1 1628
Qing1 ²M 1636-1911
Also known as the Man3 Zhou1 Manchu º¡Š{ Dynasty
Later Jin1 «áª÷ 1616-1636
€Ó¯ª Tai4 Zu3 €Ñ©R Tian1 Ming4
(·R·sıù§Vºž«¢šª Ai4 Xin1 Jue2 Luo2 Nu2 Er3 Ha3 Chi4, Aisin Gioro
Nurhachi) 1616
€Ó©v Tai4 Zong1 €ÑÁo Tian1 Cong1 1627
Shun4 Zhi4 changes the dynastic name Later Jin1 «áª÷ to Qing1 ²M in
1636, conquering Ming ©ú China in 1644
Qing1 ²M 1644 - 1911
žt¯ª Sheng4 Zu3 ±dº³ Kang1 Xi1 1662
°ª©v Gao1 Zong1 °®¶© Qian2 Long2 1736
€¯©v Ren2 Zong1 ¹ÅŒy Jia1 Qing4 1796
«Å©v Xuan1 Zong1 ¹D¥ú Dao4 Guang1 1821
€å©v Wen2 Zong1 «wÂ× Xian2 Feng1 1851
¿p©v Mu4 Zong1 ŠPªv Tong2 Zhi4 1862
Œw©v De2 Zong2 ¥úºü Guang2 Xu4 1875
·Á»ö Pu3 Yi4 «Å²Î Xuan1 Tong3 1909
Kingdom of Heavenly Peace €Ó¥­€Ñ°ê (Tai4 Ping2 Tian1 Guo2) 1850-1864
¬xšq¥þ Hong2 Xiu4 Quan2 (b.1813 d. 1 June 1864) 1850
Hong2 Xiu4 Quan is said to have commited suicide by taking poison, and
was suceeded by his son,
¬x€Ñ¶QºÖ Hong2 Tian1Gui4 Fu2 (b. 23 Nov 1849 d. 18 Nov 1864) 1864
The Fu2 character in Hong2 Tian1Gui4 Fu2 ¬x€Ñ¶QºÖ was appended to his
name by his father when he was twelve years old. TianGui Fu continues
the Tai4 Ping2 Tian1 Guo2 until his surrender, capture and execution
of his followers. He dies a few days before his fifteenth birthday
having succeeded his father for just over five and a half months.
º¡¬w°ê Man1 Zhou1 Guo2 (Manchukuo) Puppet State 1932 - 1945
(·R·sıù·Á»ö Ai4 Xin1 Jue2 Luo2 Pu3 Yi4 / Aisin Gioro Pu Yi )
1932-1945
PuYi becomes Emperor of Manchukuo, 28 January 1932. Abidicated 15
August 1945 after Japanese surrender. Later, he was captured by the
Communists and reeducated, gaining a pardon on 4 December 1959 and
dies in 1967.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Modern China : Presidents of the Republic
Republic of China €€µØ¥Á°ê 1912 -
®]€å Sun1 Wen2 (b. 1866 - d. 1925)
(®]€€€s Sun1 Zhong1 Shan1, ®]¶h¥P Sun1 Yi4 Xian1 / Sun Yat Sen) Jan -
Feb 1912
Proclaimed provisional president of the new Republic of China, with
negotiations occuring with the XuanTong court for the emperors
abdication (Feb 1912).
June 1916
As part of the terms of the abdication, Yuan Shikai replaces Sun
YatSen and becomes the new provisional in March. He tries to proclaim
himself Emperor in January 1916, and forced by public opposition to
abandon that. He dies naturally, and the Age of the Warlords
effectively begins.
­x»Ö®É¥N Age of the Warlords1916-1928
Northern (¥_šÊ Beijing) Regime
Ÿ€€ž¬x Li Yuanhong (Li Yüan-hung) 1916-1917
¶Ÿ°êŒý Feng Guozhang (Feng Kuo-chang) 1917-1918
Ÿ€€ž¬x Li Yuanhong (Li Yüan-hung) 1922-1923
±äÀC Cao Gun (Ts'ao Kun) 1923
¬qžR·ç Duan Qirui (Tuan Chi-jui) 1924
Southern (ŒsŠ{ Guangzhou and «n©÷ Nanchang) Regimes
®]€å Sun Wen 1921-1925
Sun having spent some time in exile in Japan and in the West, returns
to China, and seeing the outcome of the age of Warlordism, tries to
set up a rival powerbase in Guangzhou. Since the foreign powers does
not recognise the southern parliament, the Guangzhou rump parliament
suffers from lack of financial support. Sun dies and succeeded by
Generalissimo Jiang Jieshi.
œ±€¶¥Û Jiang3 Jie4 Shi2 (Chiang Kai-Shek) 1925 - 1928
After the death of Sun YatSen, Jiang sets about bringing China under
control, defeating the Warlords in the north and when he takes
Beijing/Peking, he is recognised as the true government of China.
Nationalist Government, China
œ±€¶¥Û Jiang2 Jie4 Shi2 (Chiang Kai-Shek) 1928 - 1948
China becomes a one party state under the "Organic Law" of 1928. Jiang
contends with the Japanese occupation in the puppet state of
Manchukuo, Communists, and natural disasters. The economy suffers
inflation. After Japanese departure, civil war leads to defeat where
the nationalists flee to Taiwan in December 1948 with 2 million
supporters.
Nationalist government moved to Taiwan 1949 - present
œ±€¶¥Û Jiang2 Jie4 Shi2 (Chiang Kai-Shek) 1949 - 1975
After Jiang JieShi's death, Vice President Yen Chia-kan (Yan2 Jia1
Gan4 ÄY®a²h) becomes the acting president 1975 - 1978
œ±žg°ê Chiang Ching-Kuo (b. 1910 d. 1988) 1978 - 1988
§õµnœ÷ Li3 Deng1 Hui1 / Lee Teng-hui (b. 1923) 1988 - 2000
³¯€ô«ó Chen2 Shui3 Bian3 (b. 1951) 2000 -
Communists
€ò¿AªF Mao ZeDong 1931 - 1949
Mao leads a band of Communist followers on what will become known as
The Long March when Jiang attacks them. Civil war occurs after the
departure of the Japanese forces, and won by the communists in 1949.
€ò¿AªF Mao2 Ze2 Dong1 / Mao Tse-Tung (b. 1893) 1949 - 1976
After Mao ZeDong's death, Prime Minister Hua4 Guo2 Feng1 (µØ°êŸW)
becomes acting head of state 1976-1977
ŸH€p¥­ Deng4 Xiao3 Ping2 (b. 1902) 1976 - 1997
Š¿¿A¥Á Jiang1 Ze2 Ming2 (b. 1926) 1997 -
Also see the "Private life of Chairman Mao,"
by by LI ZHI-SUI
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0679764437/qid=1098810985/sr=2-1/ref=pd_ka_b_2_1/002-1188373-5244849
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
References
http://chinapage.com/history/chindate.html
Si Jiao Hao Ma Xin Ci Dian ¥|š€ž¹œX·sµüšå, Shang Wu Yin Shu Guan
°Ó°ÈŠL®ÑÀ]
Shang Wu Xin Zi Dian °Ó°È·sŠršå, Shang Wu Yin Shu Guan °Ó°ÈŠL®ÑÀ]
Benesse KanWa Jiten ºÖªZº~©MÃãšå
From Emperor to Citizen, The Autobiography of Aisin-Gioro Pu Yi.
Transl. W.J.F. Jenner
Chinese Western protestant Christain Imperialist opium War
http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/chinesehistory/pgp/fairbank.htm
<*** Interesting read on the Taiping rebellion of 1862 - 1867
God's Chinese Son, (The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong XiuQuan),
Jonathan Spence. Harper Collins, 1996. ISBN 0-00-255584-0. >
review
http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/chinesehistory/pgp/spence2.htm
Also see this book by Jonathan Spence
The Search for Modern China
by Jonathan D. Spence
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393307808/qid=1098811078/sr=2-1/ref=pd_ka_b_2_1/002-1188373-5244849
other books by this author
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/index=books&field-author=Jonathan%20D.%20Spence/002-1188373-5244849
http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2001/10.18/04-spence.html
New york review of Books review
http://www.nybooks.com/authors/1633
A History of China, J.A.G. Roberts, Macmillan, ISBN 0-333-65426-9
The Cambridge illustrated history of China, Patricia Buckley Ebrey,
Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-43519-6 pbk / ISBN
0-521-66991-X hbk
Modern China - An Illustrated History, J.A.G. Roberts, Sutton Pub.
ISBN 0-86299-847-6
The Concise Encyclopedia of World History. Rodney Castleden
Ancestors - 900 Years in the Life of a Chinese Family, Frank Ching,
Harrap, ISBN 0-245-54675-8
The Mongols, E.D. Phillips. Thames and Hudson. 1969
The Mongol Warriors - Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hülegü, Tamerlane.
David Nicolle. 1990. ISBN 1-85314-104-6
Ghengis Khan - Conqueror of the World. Leo De Hartog. I. B. Taurus
(publ.). 1989. ISBN 1-86064-375-2
Revolutions: Theoretical, Comparative, and Historical Studies
by Jack A. Goldstone
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/015506679X/qid=1098812170/sr=1-3/ref=sr_1_3/002-1188373-5244849?v=glance&s=books
States and Social Revolutions : A Comparative Analysis of France,
Russia and China
by Theda Skocpol
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521294991/qid%3D1036885010/sr%3D2-1/ref%3Dsr%5F2%5F1/002-1188373-5244849
homepage
http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/soc/faculty/skocpol/
----------------------------------------------------------
Republican China, 'Tongmeng hui'
http://www.press.uillinois.edu/epub/books/chen/append.html
http://www-chaos.umd.edu/history/republican.html
http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/chinesehistory/pgp/zhou.htm
http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/chinesehistory/pgp/rankin.htm
http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/chinesehistory/pgp/isaacs.htm
Sun Yat-sen: Pragmatism without ideology
http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/chinesehistory/pgp/hess.htm
In his work on Yen Fu, Benjamin Schwartz notes a very interesting
conversation held between Yen and Sun Yat-sen in 1905. In reacting to
Yen's call for a slower program focusing on education, Sun allegedly
replies "How long can a man wait for the river to clear? You, sir, are
a thinker, I am a man of action" (Schwartz, p.145). How does Schiffrin
portray Sun then? He draws a similar conclusion. "He was an
improviser, not a political philosopher" ( Schiffrin, p.2). Again this
work fits in the familiar intellectual history mode, and focuses on
Sun's thoughts and actions. In terms of the standard for success under
discussion, does Sun represent a success or a failure? Schiffrin's
work focuses on the first decade of Sun's revolutionary activity from
1895 to 1905. This is an earlier period than that dealt with in the
above works, and the term revolution in this context is a bit
different.
It may be argued that "revolutionaries" in twentieth century China
shared certain beliefs despite the fact that the social and political
environments between these early revolutionaries (like Sun and the
radical students discussed by Rankin) were quite different from the
May Fourth milieu. Obviously they were all dissatisfied with China's
condition. They tended to share the belief that what was needed was a
program of action that could rapidly restore China's greatness. Speed
then was a crucial component for the revolutionary programs of both Li
Ta-chao and men like Sun. Li, however, focused on consciousness as a
key to societal transformation, and this became a cornerstone of the
revolutionary process for the CCP. This kind of program required an
ideological package linked to pragmatic applications of that ideology.
As Meisner points out, the "isms" so detested by the liberal
pragmatist Hu Shih, were essential for men like Li to carry out the
kind of rapid change they advocated. For many of the early
revolutionaries like those dealt with by Rankin, they did not have a
clear plan. Revolution was a means to overthrow the Ch'ing. These
radicals were often drawn to acts of terrorism and violence and
romantic self sacrifice and are not portrayed as having concrete,
pragmatic frameworks for their actions.
Schiffrin painstakingly describes Sun's failed attempts at carrying
out revolution during the period under examination. These were mostly
planned acts of violence, and it was hoped they would lead to the
capture of key cities like Canton (p.60). Throughout the book
Schiffrin finds Sun an extremely pragmatic character. His flexibility
and pragmatic techniques allowed him to search for support quickly
where and when he needed it. Thus Schiffrin points out that in a three
month period during the short-lived Waichow uprising he organized, Sun
had offered various foreign powers and reformers leadership roles and
power in the new administration he was fighting to build in return for
aid (p.240). "Sun needed help badly, and as usual, he was prepared to
share the spoils with anyone who offered deliverance" (p.237). The
very imperialist powers, Britain and Japan, so reviled by most
revolutionaries were courted by Sun to achieve his goals. Sun's
pragmatism and flexibility then, can be seen as coming at the cost of
a lack of principle and a lack of a strong ideological program tied to
his pragmatism. "Convinced that delay in changing China would invite
disaster, Sun preferred fluid tactics that promised quick results.
Matters of principle were less important; he always felt he could
properly use others to achieve his own patriotic ends" (p.5).
Schriffrin finds that it was not until Sun adapted once again and
linked up with the ideologically driven student intellectuals to form
the T'ung Meng Hui that he begins the path toward more successful
revolutionary action. The linkage of ideology and pragmatism in this
case involved the linkage of two separate groups. The students chose
Sun for his pragmatic leadership, Sun found them to possess the
ideological traits he lacked. Schiffrin correctly points out that they
did not learn anything new ideologically from Sun, who is portrayed
here as an entrepreneurial leader (p.365). Sun's attempts during this
period failed for a number of reasons, but his weak ideology was
perhaps his greatest flaw. The historical mode used to evaluate Sun
clearly points this out. It was not that Sun was without ideology, but
his thought was often so vague that it was difficult to
enthusiastically embrace them (p.365). The fact that so many groups,
the KMT, the CCP and even warlords like Feng Yu-hsiang were able to
use his principles so freely attests to their flexibility. He was too
pragmatic and flexible to restrain his actions with an ideological
program.
Early Chinese Revolutionaries: "The opposites of the Leninist
revolutionary type"
Mary Rankin's study focuses on the early revolutionaries and radical
student intellectuals, who like Sun, tried to carry out their own
versions of revolution from 1902 to 1911. She finds them successful
only in that they became prototypes for later revolutionaries of the
next few decades of the twentieth century (p.227). Unlike Sun Yat-sen,
they lacked pragmatism. While she is sensitive to the fact that
numerous structural factors of Chinese society at this time also
contributed to this group's failure, she does find that a major fault
was that they were too ideological driven, too idealistic. "In general
it can be said that their methods evolved less rapidly than their
theoretical ideas" (Rankin, p.14). Although this work is not purely
intellectual history, Rankin nonetheless focuses on the issue of
pragmatism and ideology, and finds that these early revolutionaries
lacked the former.
What then becomes of ideology without pragmatism? This question is
particularly important within the context of revolutionary movements.
Without a unified pragmatic organizational structure these early
revolutionaries lacked a realistic means to try to connect their
ideals of overthrowing the dynasty change with the realities of
Chinese society. Thus in her chapters dealing with the attempts made
by these radicals to carry out revolutionary reforms in rural settings
like Chekiang, Rankin finds them forced to work closely with local
elites promoting similar modernizing projects (p.159). Without true
revolutionary ideology, that which linked pragmatic strategy without
having to sacrifice one's ideals, it was often difficult to
distinguish moderate elites from these radicals (p.158). Rankin finds
many of these early revolutionaries drawn to acts of random violence
and self-sacrifice, strategies that were consistent with their
romantic ideals (p.176). Such attempts may have been good publicity
for radical aims, but destructive in the long term (p.176).
What emerges from these works then, is a view of success that
emphasizes ideology and pragmatism. Just having one and not the other
leads to failure. Ideology is not a rigid thing but must be
incorporated in and intertwined with pragmatism if it is to be
successfully "used". This appears to be the case in revolutionary
efforts to change society for example. Perhaps this is a universal way
to measure the success of such efforts regardless of which society or
what the time period. Is it fair or correct then for Rankin to compare
the revolutionaries of her study to later ones? "Ch'iu and Hsu were
the exact opposite of the Leninist type of revolutionary and their
efforts ended in personal testimonies of faith in revolution with
little thought of the futures of their organizations" (p.176). How, in
1907, were they to have developed the more sophisticated Leninist
organizational methods? In setting up this standard for success, how
much of it is tainted by this kind of hindsight?
The theme of the relationship of pragmatism and ideology has been
drawn largely from the works focusing on intellectual history. In the
China field, questions of how foreign ideology and thought was adapted
to the Chinese setting were a major component of Fairbank's broad
"response to the west" paradigm that emerged in the early 1950's
during the field's infancy. In this way, many of these monographs fit
neatly as bricks in the Fairbankian "wall." Indeed in his pioneering
work China's Response to the West Fairbank calls for such monographic
study as a crucial component to understanding China's modern history
(Teng and Fairbank, p.5). The focus was on intellectuals. Indeed,
access to China was impossible for these researchers at this time.
This severely limited the kinds of studies that could be done. With
access to many of the writings of these Chinese intellectuals in
American collections and in Taiwan, the plethora of intellectual
historical monographs on this subject makes sense.
The voices of the Chinese subjects themselves often emphasized the
issues stressed by these researchers. Naturally, intellectual
historians place great emphasis on ideas as forces that move history.
Specifically, the issues of pragmatism and ideology were themselves of
utmost importance to men like Li Ta-chao as he developed ways to adapt
Marxist ideology to a Chinese context. These researchers are dealing
with a very real and important question. One also wonders how much
their own personal politics and beliefs influence their work. Perhaps
men like Meisner, writing in the context of the Vietnam War, see in
men like Li their own hopes of the efficacy of intellectuals to
spearhead change in society.
The politics of the cold war must also be taken into account to
explain why such an emphasis was placed on modes of inquiry that
focused on ideology. Fairbank is clear in his introduction to China's
Response to the West that focusing on issues involving which Western
ideas were emphasized by Chinese revolutionaries and how they were
used was important for understanding the CCP's rise to power in China
(p.2). Out of political necessity, it was necessary to focus on the
rise of Marxist ideology in China, and how it was implemented. What
emerges in the literature is both a statement on the efficacy of the
right kind of ideology and of how it can be implemented in various
contexts. Pragmatism then was essential in order to implement a
foreign ideology with prescriptive qualities in China. An emphasis on
pragmatism also implies a focus on historical context. It focuses how
ideas are implemented on the ground in a given situation. This also
had political implications within an American context. Arguments
within the field regarding the uniqueness (or lack of) with regard to
Mao, and his adaptation of Marxism were important during the context
of the cold war and Vietnam. Was Mao so pragmatic he was not a
Marxist, or was he simply following Russian instructions? One sees
historians like Meisner carefully locating himself within this
framework (Meisner, p.xiii).
The standard for revolutionary success, the right combination of
pragmatism and ideology is seen throughout these works. Even in those
who were not revolutionaries, like the warlord Feng Yu-hsiang, the
standard was applied and judgement rendered. On the one hand this is
fine, we clearly see that ideology without pragmatism remains at the
level of idealism. Too much pragmatism makes successful implementation
of a plan, particularly a plan focusing on radically changing society
or a political system, difficult if not impossible. The historical
"success" in China is the CCP. All of these historians knew this. One
wonders then how much of this work is teleological in that it sets up
CCP victory. While none of the works ignores the contexts in which the
revolutionaries operated, it is curious to find the standard used on
men like Feng. Moreover Rankin's comparison, for example, of the
revolutionaries in 1907 with the more organized ones later in the
1920s and 1930s reveals a bias. This theme of the relationship between
pragmatism and ideology is indeed a major reason for communist success
in China. But in just looking at their rise as fitting the standard
runs the risk of ignoring other efforts and dynamics in the history of
modern China's revolution. Perhaps this is the danger of hindsight in
historical scholarship.
China 10 years after Tianimien Square
http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1999/china.50/50.beyond/political.overview/
bio of the tyrant Deng Xiaoping
http://www.bartleby.com/65/de/DengXiao.html
http://edition.cnn.com/2001/ASIANOW/east/01/06/tiananmen.papers/
Leftist World revolutions after 1989
The Crisis of Leninism and the Decline of the Left
The Revolutions of 1989
Edited by Daniel Chirot
http://www.washington.edu/uwpress/search/books/CHICRC.html
Bibliography of my paper
20th Century China and russia
http://www.geocities.com/s011023/toms_files1/essays/revolutions.htm
Jack A. Goldstone, ed., Revolutions: Theoretical, Comparative, and
Historical Studies,
(Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace, 2003).
William G. Rosenberg and Marilyn B. Young, Transforming Russia and
China: Revolutionary
Struggle in the Twentieth Century (New York: Oxford University Press,
1982).
Eric R. Wolf, Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century (New York: Harper
and Row, 1969).
Marifeli Perez-Stable, The Cuban Revolution: Origins, Course and
Legacy (New York: Oxford
University Press, 1993).
Timothy Garton Ash, The Magic Lantern: The Revolution of '89 Witnessed
in Warsaw, Budapest,
Berlin and Prague (New York: Random House, 1990).
Routledge, 1990).
Immanuel Wallerstein
http://fbc.binghamton.edu/commentr.htm
my paper on karl marx, max weber and Immaneul Wallerstein
http://www.geocities.com/s011023/toms_files1/essays/marx_weber_wallerstein.htm
Sweatshops and the Corporate slave paridigm in the Third World
http://www.stanford.edu/class/e297c/trade_environment/trade_environment.htm
Trotsky on on the Fukin Reactionary revisionist Protestant cocksucking
little bitch Cromwell
http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/britain/ch06.htm
my views on the middle east conflict
http://geocities.com/s011023/middleast.html
http://web.archive.org/web/20021202195936/http://www.smuc.ac.uk/trs/phdholyland.html
http://www.iap.org/withoutland.htm
Reviews of Edward Said's book, "The Question of palestine,"
http://sun3.lib.uci.edu/indiv/scctr/Wellek/said/book25.html
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0679739882/palestinebook-20/002-1188373-5244849
Other Books by Edward Said
note
Edward Said was a Palestinian Christain and Chair of the humanities
department at Columbia University
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/index%3Dbooks%26field-author%3DSaid%2C%20Edward%20W./002-1188373-5244849
synopsis of his theoretical praxis
http://65.107.211.206/post/poldiscourse/pol11.html
How the right wing Likud Kikes of Israel conspire with hamas to deny
middle east stability or equality of palestinian state self
determination.
http://www.pacificnews.org/content/pns/2001/dec/1214unholy.html
http://web.archive.org/web/20010913210030/http://www.abcnews.go.com/sections/world/DailyNews/mideast010802_hamas.html
The Orthodox Right wing Likud kike settlers in the West Bank and Gaza
exploiting palestinians
Tue., October 26, 2004 Cheshvan 11, 5765 Israel Time: 20:08 (GMT+2)
The settlers' persecution
http://www.haaretzdaily.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=%20224145&subContrassID=3&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y&itemNo=224145
The Butcher of lebannon, Ariel Sharon
A Editorial written by Israeli author, Amos Oz
DOVISH IN GALILEE
Date: February 4, 1990, Sunday, Late Edition - Final Section 7; Page
14, Column 1; Book
http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/10/26/home/oz-slopes.html?oref=login
Filthy White WASP protestant Zionist wannabe kikes aping right wing
Zionist Heresey's: Genocide For Confederate Dixiecrat white trash,
On the elie weisal Ann Frank, Lombard, Pict, jut, Goth Saxon vermin
trash newshour
http://www.guardian.co.uk/israel/Story/0,2763,820528,00.html
Un security council resolutions on Palestine / israel
UN 242
http://web.archive.org/web/20010319045121/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/b86613e7d92097880525672e007227a7/59210ce6d04aef61852560c3005da209!OpenDocument
UN 338
http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/7fb7c26fcbe80a31852560c50065f878!OpenDocument
Israeli center for information and human rights in the Occupied
territories
http://www.btselem.org/
Books by Norman Finkelstein
http://www.normanfinkelstein.com/id44.htm
Jewish minister of South Africa calls for a boycott of israel
http://www.haaretzdaily.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=155161&contrassID=2&subContrassID=1&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y
Evidence of a right wing US republican Likud conspiracy in the Middle
east
U.S. Supports Israel's Rejection of the World Court Opinion
(Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied
Palestinian Territories, International Court of Justice, 2004, 9 July,
General List No. 131; Aluf Benn, "ICJ: West Bank fence is illegal,
Israel must tear it down," Haaretz, July 9, 2004,
http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/449395.html accessed July 9,
2004.)
http://groups.google.com/groups?hl=en&lr=&selm=57cf3dba.0409020829.2c940e7c%40posting.google.com&rnum=8
End the Apartheid!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
my views on the rectionary consumerist aethist capitalist consumerism
http://www.geocities.com/s011023/consumer.html
Israel's privitized defense industry is arming the CCP of China
http://www.nytimes.com/library/opinion/rosenthal/102299rose.html
http://web.archive.org/web/20021021051918/http://www.odci.gov/nic/pubs/research_supported_by_nic/conference_paper/sadeh.htm
Proof that US companies, Union Carbide and Dow Chemical supplied
Saddam hussein with his Poison Gas Stockpiles in the 1980's under the
reagan bush administration
http://web.archive.org/web/20021012100424/http://bombay.indymedia.org/newswire/display/76/index.php
Lester thurow
Lester C. Thurow
Distribution and the Possibilities for Economic Change
Penguin
paperback, 12.00
http://web.archive.org/web/20001002021752/http://mitpress.mit.edu/bookstore/authors/zerosum.html

Post by Brian Damage
Seen any black helicopters lately, Tommy?

Post by Thomas J Wheat
The earliest reported Dynasty in Chinese civilization was the ethnic
Tibetan Chiang Hsiung Hsia, (Xsia) Dynasty founded in 2200 B.C.E.
The Next Dynasty was the Shang Dynasty. This dynasty lasted from 1766
B.C.E to approximately 1100 B.C.E. This dynasty featured rudimentary
jade and Bronze Casting technology and the spirtual divination of the
practices at that time focused on occult human and animal sacrifice.
Once the victim was sacrificed the flesh was stripped from the bones
and the bones were bleeched and set into the sacrificial fire.
Depending on the nature of the fire searing the Bone, the cracks in
those bones would determine the earliest basis for the Phylogy and
phenomenology of the Chinese language character system.
The Next Dynasty was the Zhou (Chou) dynasty. This dynasty was
considered a golden age in Chinese history. This period began from
roughly 1100 B.C.E. with intermitten decentralization of the
feudatories and the beginning of the Iron Age in the Warring States
Period from about 700 B.C.E. to about 225 B.C.E.
The early great Philosophical kings of the Zhou Dynasty period were
King Wu, Marshall Wei and the Duke of Zhou. The Duke of Zhou was
considered an agricultural innovator by introducing the three seasonal
three field crop rotation method.
The Warring States period, (660 - 225 B.C.E.) featured a period of
much civil war and political decentralization and yet also featured a
revitilization of chinese philosophical thought. The earliest known,
written works of this time were the I - Ching, and the philosophers
of this time were Lao Tzu, composer of the Tao Te Ching, and earliest
known chinese traveller to Amdo, Tibet. The creator of the Chinese
Civil Service Academy was Kung Fu Tzu, composer of the Analects,
(Confucius) and Meng Tzu who formalized confucian thought in the 2nd
century B.C.E.
Confucian thought centered on the principle of Ren and Li, Benevolence
and proper ritual practices, repectively and also focused on ancestral
spirit worship along with a practical mundane philosophy for a code
among the Shin Shi, the philosopher Bureacrat knight.
Other Books of this period focused on taoist gurellia warfare
techniques and occult chinese opera. The most famous book of this
later period, written approximately in 200 B.C.E. was Sun Tzu's, "Art
of War."
The end of the Zhou dynasty saw a revivalist of the eastern 12
feudatory kingdoms of the Han dynasty unto their defeat by the Chin
dynasty which culminated in the shortlived 25 year regime of a unified
China under Chin Shi Huang Di with the rise of the Legalist positivist
school of chinese occult political theocratic statecraft.
The rise of the Chin Dynasty, 225 B.C.E. to 200 B.C.E. saw for the
first time albeit a short time a unified and centralized China. Chin
Shi Huang Di however did not tolerate dissedents to his rule.
Many Books were burned, chiefly among them the Lost book of Poetry,
and many of the Confucians, Daoists, and the Mohists, perhaps the
world's first 'free love bohemian society' many had their bodies
buried up to their necks in sand and then had their necks crushed, or
were boiled alive in their own blood in huge iron vats. Other occult
human sacrificial techniques also included scaling 5 foot in length by
1 foot in width razor ladders approximately 20 feet high with the
survivor being granted clemency upon succesful ascent and descent of
the razor ladder to heaven Gauntlet.
Chin Shi Huang Di's regime was shortlived because he had no efficient
bureacratic succession method. Out of his approximatelly 22 sons, he
had originally designated his second son as his heir, however, the
17th son assasinated the second son and so the dynasty plunged again
into chaos and disorder. He was entombed in a pyramid, and his
sarcophagus rested on a floating lake of mercury. Archaelogical
evidence of his skull revealed the existence of mercury poisoning
which contributed to the disfigurement of his spine and death in his
mid to late sixties. His tomb had approximately 10,000 chin soldiers
each bearing a unique likeness and representation of the soldier who
had the misfortune of being entombed alive with the death of Chin Shi
Huang Di.
Qin Shi Huang Di was also obssessed with the search for immortality.
This caused him to seek many a chinese alchemist potion and Taoist
sexual practices intended to increase his Chi, or life force.
Unfortunately few worked for him as evinced by the mercury traces in
the forensic analysis of his skull.
The next dynasty was the Han dynasty. This dynasty lasted from 200
b.c.e. to about 400 C.E. During the latter half of this period saw the
rise of the silk road Eastern Western, European Asian trade routes and
the formation of the Pax Sinica and the Pax Romana. Indeed at Julius
Caesar's coronation, Han red silk imperial banners were featured.
The Han dynasty represented a technological revolution of Iron age
bronze lost wax casting methods. The consolidation of East west Silk
route trade was facillitated between the Han of china and the Mauryan
Asokan dynasty of India, and the Parthians, descendants of Cyrus,
Xerxes and Alexander's Generals of Persia to the Roman Empire of the
Mediterraniean.
During this period Trade between India and China began to commence
with the silk route importation of metaphysical Tai Chi and Kung Fu,
along with the Buddhist philosophical thought of the Theravadan
Tripitaka, Pali Canon and importation of Mahayana commentary by
Kumarajiva, and Nagarjuna, (Mahamadyikma,
http://www.khandro.net/Bud_philo_Madhyamika.htm , Sunyata, the Great
Void School) http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=9001321 and
also see
http://www.iep.utm.edu/n/nagarjun.htm ) propagated by Chinese pilgrims
to India disseminating such thought upon returning to China, chiefly
the most famous of them being Fan Shen, Bodhi Dharma, and Zhuang
tZuan, (Hsuang Tzuan) the first pioneers across the Tamalakarand
XinJiang desert beginning in the latter half of the second century
B.C.E. to about the end of the 7th century C.E.
During this time the pilgrmage Stupas, of Swayambunath
( http://www.sacredsites.com/1st30/swayambh.html ) and Bhodunath,
http://www.exodus.co.uk/picfiles/a00hp49a.html were constructed and as
legend would have it by Padmasambhava himself. Inside these temples
legend maintained the existence of secret caverns, where death to all
mortals prevailed and the existence of Naga dragon guardian Serpent
kings.
The decline of the han saw the rise of the Tang Dynasty in China
beginning about roughly in the 7th century and ending roughly in the
9th century. (600 C.E. to about 900 C.E. Tang China's most powerful
Ruler, Tang Taitzu still nonetheless had his capital, Changan sacked
and held for 30 days by 250,000 Tibetan Calvarymen of the northern
Western Tibetan Tribes led by Gyalpo Srongtsen Gampo. A treaty was
concluded in approximately 760 C.E whichwas formalized by stone
pillars erected in both Changan and the Tibetan capital of Lhasa which
stipulated the equalness and equality of the hegemonic temporal power
both nation states shared in the Indian middle eastern Silk Route
trade routes. As a condition of the treaty between Tibet and China,
the chinese emperor seceded his daughter Princess Wen Chen, along with
the arrival of the Jowo Sakyamuni statue to the Jokhang cathedral in
Lhasa. It was reputed that princess Wen Chen Brought the secrets of
chinese agriculture to the nomadic pastorlist Tibetans. Srongtsan
Gampo also took a nepalese bride from the King of Nepal.
The Tibetan Yarlung Dynasty began about approximately 225 B.C.E. when
legend had it that the first king of heaven descended from the sky on
a meteroite lightning bolt phurba. He was named Namri Sangpo.
In the 8th century tibetan kings opened up more cultural and
philosophical trade routes with India, and conquered, Ladhak and
Khotan during the regimes of Tri Song Detsun, (Thi Song Detsun) and
Hathori Nyantsen, and Ralpachen. During this period was marked by the
arrival of the Kashmiri Pandit, Padmasambhava who first pacified and
integrated Bonpo indigenous Tibetan occult theology with Tantric
Buddhist and Hindu theologies. India also borrowed much from tibet, as
it was reputed that the Home of Shiva was none other to be found then
in Mt. Kailash in Tibet.
Tibetan military dress was influenced both by Chinese armor
construction techniques as well as the importation of persian scale
mail. Tibetan cultural influences have been ecceltically varied from
cultural importation of Zorastrianism and Mongolian Shamanism.
The Tibetan Yarlung dynasty ended with the assasination of the Bon po
king Lang Darma and the rise of the Tibetan Priest Class to temporal
power.
Meanwhile in China the fall of the Tang at approximately the same time
of the assasination of lang darma culminated in the rise of the
Nothern - Southern Song (Sung) Dynasty which lasted from 960 C.E. to
about 1163 C.E. The bureacratic state philosophy of this time featured
the principle of Wu - Wei, or Void full non action, in the sense
that the ruler and the subjects existed in symbiotical rings of
temporal influence. The latter half of the Southern song (Sung)
Dynasty saw the formation of Chan Shaolin Buddhist warrior monks who
feuded with Mongolian Hsia, Hun, Shamanist Buddhist nomadic warrior
chieftans.
The Song dynasty was virtually entirely annihilated by Ghengiss,
(Chingiss) Temujin Khan, (b- 1163 c.e. d- 1227 c.e.) and also by his
grandson Kublai khan by 1242 C.E. with the formation of the Yuan
Dynasty. It was during this period that the Altaeic Pax mongolica
superseded the Pax Sinica and Centralization of the trade routes
between east and west opened up more far east trade with the Venetian
republics of Italy and the declining Maecadonian Byzantium Empire.
Marco polo an early Italian historian and merchant traveller to Kublai
khan's court and also the first importer of pasta from china left many
a account in his diary concerning the coutenance and the statecraft of
the Mongol Yuan Court.
During this time the Mongols made Tibet a military Protectorate and
enlisted the Tibetan Lama's as their Chief Shaman's. The most famous
of these Lama's was Sakya Pandita. The system of limited suzeranity
applied to Tibet by the Mongol Khans envisaged a Cho Yon, priest
patron relationship, with the priest obliged to pray for the welfare
and long life of the emperor, and the emperor, obliged to protect the
wealth and authority of the Kagyu Karmapa's and later Sakya and then
Gelugpa patriarchs of the Tibetan church as well as provide for the
national defense of the Tibetan state from foreign invaders. Unlike
Europe this was a centralized Feudal System unlike a decentralized
feudal system.
Meanwhile the Mongols rocketed across the Urals and sacked Russkian
Kiev and Novgorod and Vladimir Volynia, Suzdalia Rostav in the 1237 -
1242, winter military campaigns as well as Austria, Hungary and Poland
during the same period. Led by Temujin's Grandson, Batu the Russian
Mongols converted to Islam however they invested the title of Grand
Prince of Vladimir - Kiev with Alexander Nevsky a enobled Russian
orthodox saint and collaborater with the Mongols. Thus the Orthodox
Slavic Ruirkid Rus Dynasty was spared total annhilation.
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00004XQN5/ref=pd_ecc_rvi_1/102-5157557-6512121
Eisenstein - The Sound Years (Ivan the Terrible Parts 1 & 2, Alexander
Nevsky) - Criterion Collection (1938)
The Yuan Dynasty fell in 1388. The Mongols continued to rule russia
until the rise of Ivan Grozny IV (Ivan Vassiliovich) when Moscow a
hill fort established by the Mongols superseded the Vladimir Suzdalian
Rostov, Pskov municipalities.
The Mongols would still continue to dominate Central Asia well into
the 17th and 18th centuries though later as decentralized tribal
confederacies.
The Ming Dynasty which began in 1388 also saw the catalouging of the
Yuan official court records, as recorded in the 'Yuan Po Pao Shi,'
also translated into English, as "the secret history of the Mongols,"
Secret History of the Mongols: The Origin of Chingiss Khan by Paul
Kahn, Francis Woodman Cleaves
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0887272991/102-5157557-6512121?v=glance
The Ming Dynasty was founded in 1388 by a former Buddhist Peasant
http://www.chinapage.com/painting/mingtaizu.html
The Ming dynasty was an age of great exploration and cultural
renesseance for the first half of the dynasty. During this time many
seafaring voyages to Africa and the mideast occured until the rise of
the Portegeuse and the Dutch hegemons of the West. However, somewhere
during the middle half of the dynasty, due to the proliferation of
bureacratic Eunuchs in the royal household circumvented the
centripetal authority of the Emperor. The latter half of the Ming
Dynasty was known as the Great Withdrawal period were China once had
the technoligical crest of civilization then due to western hegemonic
consolidation of the Silk Road Gun Powder and Ship Wright construction
trade fell behind the west. The Ming Dynasty fell in 1644.
They were replaced by Manchurian Jin Tribesman led by the tetrarchy of
Dorgan, Nur Haichi and Hong Taiji who established the Qing (Pure)
Dynasty. The greatest rulers of this dynasty were KangXi, 1654?1722
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor/qing1204.html
http://web.archive.org/web/20020316043349/http://www.stanford.edu/class/history92a/readings/kangziyongzheng.html
YongZhen, and Qianlong. After these regimes the neo Confucian Qing
state began to bureacratically and inertially implode due to the
Protestant opium wars. The Qing dynasty fell in 1911, when the boy
emperor Pu Yi was deposed by Yuan Shi Kai.
Republican China began with Sun Yat sen.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor.html

[Necron 99]

Post by Water Barbarian
The link is for the historical map of China.
http://www.greatchina.biz/bbs/index.php?showtopic=3006

Still creating your own reality as you go, shitstain? My history books show
Tibet as a separate country. Yeah, I know. The only real history is commie
history.

[Water Barbarian]

Let me show you something from another "commie"
nation.

Loading Image...

Post by Necron 99

Post by Water Barbarian
The link is for the historical map of China.
http://www.greatchina.biz/bbs/index.php?showtopic=3006

Still creating your own reality as you go, shitstain? My history books show
Tibet as a separate country. Yeah, I know. The only real history is commie
history.

[Water Barbarian]

Loading Image...

Post by Water Barbarian
Let me show you something from another "commie"
nation.
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/maps/ch-map.gif

Post by Necron 99

Post by Water Barbarian
The link is for the historical map of China.
http://www.greatchina.biz/bbs/index.php?showtopic=3006

Still creating your own reality as you go, shitstain? My history books show
Tibet as a separate country. Yeah, I know. The only real history is commie
history.

[Basically Harmless]

***@hotmail.com (Thomas J Wheat) wrote in message news:<***@posting.google.com>...

*snip text describing dynasties up to Han dynasty*

Post by Thomas J Wheat
The decline of the han saw the rise of the Tang Dynasty in China
beginning about roughly in the 7th century and ending roughly in the
9th century. (600 C.E. to about 900 C.E. Tang China's most powerful
Ruler, Tang Taitzu still nonetheless had his capital, Changan sacked
and held for 30 days by 250,000 Tibetan Calvarymen of the northern
Western Tibetan Tribes led by Gyalpo Srongtsen Gampo. A treaty was
concluded in approximately 760 C.E whichwas formalized by stone
pillars erected in both Changan and the Tibetan capital of Lhasa which
stipulated the equalness and equality of the hegemonic temporal power
both nation states shared in the Indian middle eastern Silk Route
trade routes. As a condition of the treaty between Tibet and China,
the chinese emperor seceded his daughter Princess Wen Chen, along with
the arrival of the Jowo Sakyamuni statue to the Jokhang cathedral in
Lhasa. It was reputed that princess Wen Chen Brought the secrets of
chinese agriculture to the nomadic pastorlist Tibetans. Srongtsan
Gampo also took a nepalese bride from the King of Nepal.

Wait... wait... you have omitted a large bunch of history. After Han,
there is the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms". Then Zhun Dynasty. Then
there comes the South & North Dynasties. Then the Sui Dynasty. Then
the Tang Dynasty.

I can also remember that there is a "Five barbarian tribes and the 16
nations" period. But I cannot remember if it is before the Sui Dynasty
or before the Sung Dynasty.

[t***@hotmail.com]

updated chinese dynastic chronology
http://www.chinapage.com/history/dyna1.html

[r***@gmail.com]

Post by Thomas J Wheat
The earliest reported Dynasty in Chinese civilization was the ethnic
Tibetan Chiang Hsiung Hsia, (Xsia) Dynasty founded in 2200 B.C.E.
The Next Dynasty was the Shang Dynasty. This dynasty lasted from 1766
B.C.E to approximately 1100 B.C.E. This dynasty featured rudimentary
jade and Bronze Casting technology and the spirtual divination of the
practices at that time focused on occult human and animal sacrifice.
Once the victim was sacrificed the flesh was stripped from the bones
and the bones were bleeched and set into the sacrificial fire.
Depending on the nature of the fire searing the Bone, the cracks in
those bones would determine the earliest basis for the Phylogy and
phenomenology of the Chinese language character system.
The Next Dynasty was the Zhou (Chou) dynasty. This dynasty was
considered a golden age in Chinese history. This period began from
roughly 1100 B.C.E. with intermitten decentralization of the
feudatories and the beginning of the Iron Age in the Warring States
Period from about 700 B.C.E. to about 225 B.C.E.
The early great Philosophical kings of the Zhou Dynasty period were
King Wu, Marshall Wei and the Duke of Zhou. The Duke of Zhou was
considered an agricultural innovator by introducing the three seasonal
three field crop rotation method.
The Warring States period, (660 - 225 B.C.E.) featured a period of
much civil war and political decentralization and yet also featured a
revitilization of chinese philosophical thought. The earliest known,
written works of this time were the I - Ching, and the philosophers
of this time were Lao Tzu, composer of the Tao Te Ching, and earliest
known chinese traveller to Amdo, Tibet. The creator of the Chinese
Civil Service Academy was Kung Fu Tzu, composer of the Analects,
(Confucius) and Meng Tzu who formalized confucian thought in the 2nd
century B.C.E.
Confucian thought centered on the principle of Ren and Li, Benevolence
and proper ritual practices, repectively and also focused on ancestral
spirit worship along with a practical mundane philosophy for a code
among the Shin Shi, the philosopher Bureacrat knight.
Other Books of this period focused on taoist gurellia warfare
techniques and occult chinese opera. The most famous book of this
later period, written approximately in 200 B.C.E. was Sun Tzu's, "Art
of War."
The end of the Zhou dynasty saw a revivalist of the eastern 12
feudatory kingdoms of the Han dynasty unto their defeat by the Chin
dynasty which culminated in the shortlived 25 year regime of a unified
China under Chin Shi Huang Di with the rise of the Legalist positivist
school of chinese occult political theocratic statecraft.
The rise of the Chin Dynasty, 225 B.C.E. to 200 B.C.E. saw for the
first time albeit a short time a unified and centralized China. Chin
Shi Huang Di however did not tolerate dissedents to his rule.
Many Books were burned, chiefly among them the Lost book of Poetry,
and many of the Confucians, Daoists, and the Mohists, perhaps the
world's first 'free love bohemian society' many had their bodies
buried up to their necks in sand and then had their necks crushed, or
were boiled alive in their own blood in huge iron vats. Other occult
human sacrificial techniques also included scaling 5 foot in length by
1 foot in width razor ladders approximately 20 feet high with the
survivor being granted clemency upon succesful ascent and descent of
the razor ladder to heaven Gauntlet.
Chin Shi Huang Di's regime was shortlived because he had no efficient
bureacratic succession method. Out of his approximatelly 22 sons, he
had originally designated his second son as his heir, however, the
17th son assasinated the second son and so the dynasty plunged again
into chaos and disorder. He was entombed in a pyramid, and his
sarcophagus rested on a floating lake of mercury. Archaelogical
evidence of his skull revealed the existence of mercury poisoning
which contributed to the disfigurement of his spine and death in his
mid to late sixties. His tomb had approximately 10,000 chin soldiers
each bearing a unique likeness and representation of the soldier who
had the misfortune of being entombed alive with the death of Chin Shi
Huang Di.
Qin Shi Huang Di was also obssessed with the search for immortality.
This caused him to seek many a chinese alchemist potion and Taoist
sexual practices intended to increase his Chi, or life force.
Unfortunately few worked for him as evinced by the mercury traces in
the forensic analysis of his skull.
The next dynasty was the Han dynasty. This dynasty lasted from 200
b.c.e. to about 400 C.E. During the latter half of this period saw the
rise of the silk road Eastern Western, European Asian trade routes and
the formation of the Pax Sinica and the Pax Romana. Indeed at Julius
Caesar's coronation, Han red silk imperial banners were featured.
The Han dynasty represented a technological revolution of Iron age
bronze lost wax casting methods. The consolidation of East west Silk
route trade was facillitated between the Han of china and the Mauryan
Asokan dynasty of India, and the Parthians, descendants of Cyrus,
Xerxes and Alexander's Generals of Persia to the Roman Empire of the
Mediterraniean.
During this period Trade between India and China began to commence
with the silk route importation of metaphysical Tai Chi and Kung Fu,
along with the Buddhist philosophical thought of the Theravadan
Tripitaka, Pali Canon and importation of Mahayana commentary by
Kumarajiva, and Nagarjuna, (Mahamadyikma,
http://www.khandro.net/Bud_philo_Madhyamika.htm , Sunyata, the Great
Void School) http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=9001321 and
also see
http://www.iep.utm.edu/n/nagarjun.htm ) propagated by Chinese pilgrims
to India disseminating such thought upon returning to China, chiefly
the most famous of them being Fan Shen, Bodhi Dharma, and Zhuang
tZuan, (Hsuang Tzuan) the first pioneers across the Tamalakarand
XinJiang desert beginning in the latter half of the second century
B.C.E. to about the end of the 7th century C.E.
During this time the pilgrmage Stupas, of Swayambunath
( http://www.sacredsites.com/1st30/swayambh.html ) and Bhodunath,
http://www.exodus.co.uk/picfiles/a00hp49a.html were constructed and as
legend would have it by Padmasambhava himself. Inside these temples
legend maintained the existence of secret caverns, where death to all
mortals prevailed and the existence of Naga dragon guardian Serpent
kings.
The decline of the han saw the rise of the Tang Dynasty in China
beginning about roughly in the 7th century and ending roughly in the
9th century. (600 C.E. to about 900 C.E. Tang China's most powerful
Ruler, Tang Taitzu still nonetheless had his capital, Changan sacked
and held for 30 days by 250,000 Tibetan Calvarymen of the northern
Western Tibetan Tribes led by Gyalpo Srongtsen Gampo. A treaty was
concluded in approximately 760 C.E whichwas formalized by stone
pillars erected in both Changan and the Tibetan capital of Lhasa which
stipulated the equalness and equality of the hegemonic temporal power
both nation states shared in the Indian middle eastern Silk Route
trade routes. As a condition of the treaty between Tibet and China,
the chinese emperor seceded his daughter Princess Wen Chen, along with
the arrival of the Jowo Sakyamuni statue to the Jokhang cathedral in
Lhasa. It was reputed that princess Wen Chen Brought the secrets of
chinese agriculture to the nomadic pastorlist Tibetans. Srongtsan
Gampo also took a nepalese bride from the King of Nepal.
The Tibetan Yarlung Dynasty began about approximately 225 B.C.E. when
legend had it that the first king of heaven descended from the sky on
a meteroite lightning bolt phurba. He was named Namri Sangpo.
In the 8th century tibetan kings opened up more cultural and
philosophical trade routes with India, and conquered, Ladhak and
Khotan during the regimes of Tri Song Detsun, (Thi Song Detsun) and
Hathori Nyantsen, and Ralpachen. During this period was marked by the
arrival of the Kashmiri Pandit, Padmasambhava who first pacified and
integrated Bonpo indigenous Tibetan occult theology with Tantric
Buddhist and Hindu theologies. India also borrowed much from tibet, as
it was reputed that the Home of Shiva was none other to be found then
in Mt. Kailash in Tibet.
Tibetan military dress was influenced both by Chinese armor
construction techniques as well as the importation of persian scale
mail. Tibetan cultural influences have been ecceltically varied from
cultural importation of Zorastrianism and Mongolian Shamanism.
The Tibetan Yarlung dynasty ended with the assasination of the Bon po
king Lang Darma and the rise of the Tibetan Priest Class to temporal
power.
Meanwhile in China the fall of the Tang at approximately the same time
of the assasination of lang darma culminated in the rise of the
Nothern - Southern Song (Sung) Dynasty which lasted from 960 C.E. to
about 1163 C.E. The bureacratic state philosophy of this time featured
the principle of Wu - Wei, or Void full non action, in the sense
that the ruler and the subjects existed in symbiotical rings of
temporal influence. The latter half of the Southern song (Sung)
Dynasty saw the formation of Chan Shaolin Buddhist warrior monks who
feuded with Mongolian Hsia, Hun, Shamanist Buddhist nomadic warrior
chieftans.
The Song dynasty was virtually entirely annihilated by Ghengiss,
(Chingiss) Temujin Khan, (b- 1163 c.e. d- 1227 c.e.) and also by his
grandson Kublai khan by 1242 C.E. with the formation of the Yuan
Dynasty. It was during this period that the Altaeic Pax mongolica
superseded the Pax Sinica and Centralization of the trade routes
between east and west opened up more far east trade with the Venetian
republics of Italy and the declining Maecadonian Byzantium Empire.
Marco polo an early Italian historian and merchant traveller to Kublai
khan's court and also the first importer of pasta from china left many
a account in his diary concerning the coutenance and the statecraft of
the Mongol Yuan Court.
During this time the Mongols made Tibet a military Protectorate and
enlisted the Tibetan Lama's as their Chief Shaman's. The most famous
of these Lama's was Sakya Pandita. The system of limited suzeranity
applied to Tibet by the Mongol Khans envisaged a Cho Yon, priest
patron relationship, with the priest obliged to pray for the welfare
and long life of the emperor, and the emperor, obliged to protect the
wealth and authority of the Kagyu Karmapa's and later Sakya and then
Gelugpa patriarchs of the Tibetan church as well as provide for the
national defense of the Tibetan state from foreign invaders. Unlike
Europe this was a centralized Feudal System unlike a decentralized
feudal system.
Meanwhile the Mongols rocketed across the Urals and sacked Russkian
Kiev and Novgorod and Vladimir Volynia, Suzdalia Rostav in the 1237 -
1242, winter military campaigns as well as Austria, Hungary and Poland
during the same period. Led by Temujin's Grandson, Batu the Russian
Mongols converted to Islam however they invested the title of Grand
Prince of Vladimir - Kiev with Alexander Nevsky a enobled Russian
orthodox saint and collaborater with the Mongols. Thus the Orthodox
Slavic Ruirkid Rus Dynasty was spared total annhilation.
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00004XQN5/ref=pd_ecc_rvi_1/102-5157557-6512121
Eisenstein - The Sound Years (Ivan the Terrible Parts 1 & 2, Alexander
Nevsky) - Criterion Collection (1938)
The Yuan Dynasty fell in 1388. The Mongols continued to rule russia
until the rise of Ivan Grozny IV (Ivan Vassiliovich) when Moscow a
hill fort established by the Mongols superseded the Vladimir Suzdalian
Rostov, Pskov municipalities.
The Mongols would still continue to dominate Central Asia well into
the 17th and 18th centuries though later as decentralized tribal
confederacies.
The Ming Dynasty which began in 1388 also saw the catalouging of the
Yuan official court records, as recorded in the 'Yuan Po Pao Shi,'
also translated into English, as "the secret history of the Mongols,"
Secret History of the Mongols: The Origin of Chingiss Khan by Paul
Kahn, Francis Woodman Cleaves
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0887272991/102-5157557-6512121?v=glance
The Ming Dynasty was founded in 1388 by a former Buddhist Peasant
http://www.chinapage.com/painting/mingtaizu.html
The Ming dynasty was an age of great exploration and cultural
renesseance for the first half of the dynasty. During this time many
seafaring voyages to Africa and the mideast occured until the rise of
the Portegeuse and the Dutch hegemons of the West. However, somewhere
during the middle half of the dynasty, due to the proliferation of
bureacratic Eunuchs in the royal household circumvented the
centripetal authority of the Emperor. The latter half of the Ming
Dynasty was known as the Great Withdrawal period were China once had
the technoligical crest of civilization then due to western hegemonic
consolidation of the Silk Road Gun Powder and Ship Wright construction
trade fell behind the west. The Ming Dynasty fell in 1644.
They were replaced by Manchurian Jin Tribesman led by the tetrarchy of
Dorgan, Nur Haichi and Hong Taiji who established the Qing (Pure)
Dynasty. The greatest rulers of this dynasty were KangXi, 1654—1722
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor/qing1204.html
http://web.archive.org/web/20020316043349/http://www.stanford.edu/class/history92a/readings/kangziyongzheng.html
YongZhen, and Qianlong. After these regimes the neo Confucian Qing
state began to bureacratically and inertially implode due to the
Protestant opium wars. The Qing dynasty fell in 1911, when the boy
emperor Pu Yi was deposed by Yuan Shi Kai.
Republican China began with Sun Yat sen.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor.html

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